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Ch 30 hormones

Ch 30 hormones . Ap Biology Lecture . Endocrine System . Includes cells that produce and release chemical signals (hormones) Endocrine cells secrete hormones Endocine glands are the oragns Testes, thyroid

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Ch 30 hormones

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  1. Ch 30 hormones Ap Biology Lecture

  2. Endocrine System • Includes cells that produce and release chemical signals (hormones) • Endocrine cells secrete hormones • Endocine glands are the oragns • Testes, thyroid *Remember that hormones are long distance endocrine signals that travel via the blood stream*

  3. Regulation by chemical messengers • Neurotransmitters released by neurons • Hormones release by endocrine glands endocrine gland neurotransmitter axon hormone carried by blood receptor proteins receptor proteins target cell

  4. Hormone groups • peptide and protein hormones • Large, water soluble • Need external target cell • Via blood • Steroid proteins • Synthesized from cholesterol • Lipid soluble • Carrier proteins • Inside target cell

  5. Action of lipid (steroid) hormones steroid hormone target cell blood S 1 S cross cell membrane protein carrier S 2 cytoplasm binds to receptor protein becomes transcription factor 5 mRNA read by ribosome S 3 plasma membrane 4 DNA mRNA 6 7 nucleus protein protein secreted ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes)

  6. Action of protein hormones signal-transduction pathway 1 signal proteinhormone plasma membrane P activates G-protein binds to receptor protein activates enzyme cAMP acts as 2° messenger receptorprotein ATP transduction GTP activatescytoplasmicsignal ATP activates enzyme 2 secondary messengersystem activates enzyme cytoplasm response 3 produces an action target cell

  7. Amine hormones • Synthesized from amino acids • Polar or nonpolar

  8. *Recall hormones bind to a receptor* *actions of hormones depend on the target cell or receptor* Example flight or fight response caused by epinepherine

  9. Pituitary gland • Attached to hypothalamus • Attaches Nervous and endocrine system • Nervous • Communicates via neurotransmitters in the nerve cell • rapid • Endocrine • Communicates via signals in the blood • Long term

  10. Parts of pituitary glands • Posterior • Anterior

  11. Posterior • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced in hypothalamus then sent to posterior • Increase water retention in kidney • When high, kidney produces small volumes of concentrated urine • When low, kidney produces large volumes of diluted water • Oxytocin produced in hypothalamus then sent to posterior • Stimulates uterine contractions and the production of milk

  12. anterior • Hormone release communicated by hypothalamus • 4 tropic hormones that control the activities of the other endocrine glands • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) : stimulate thyroid to release thyroxine • Luteinizing hormone (LH) • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • Adrenocorticotropic hormone

  13. Peptide hormones • Prolactin • Growth hormone (GH) • Stimulates cells to take in amino acids for protein synthesis • Growth of bones and cartilage

  14. tropic hormones = target endocrine glands hypothalamus thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) posterior pituitary Thyroid gland anterior pituitary Kidney tubules adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) oxytocin Muscles of uterus gonadotropic hormones: follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) Adrenal cortex Melanocyte in amphibian Mammary glands in mammals Bone and muscle Ovaries Testes

  15. Thyroxine • Made by the thyroid gland • Thyroids wraps around the windpipe like a bowtie • One side – thyroxine • One side- calcitonin • Thyroid also has parathyroid gland

  16. Thyroxine is an amine hormone made from tyrosine • Also know as t4 because it binds 4 iodine atoms • Thyroid also makes T3 which controls most hormonal activity • Thyroxine : • Lipid soluble • Raises metabolic rate • Insufficient amounts Can cause cretinism

  17. So… Anterior releases TSH because it was stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) TSH then stimulates the thyroid to produce and release thyroxine Negative feedback

  18. Goiter is an enlarges thyroid gland • Hypothyroidism – deficient • Low metabolism, intolerance of cold, sluggish • Caused by lack of iodine • Hyperthyroidism – excess • Fat behind eyeballs cause them to bulge • Caused by autoimmune over production

  19. Regulation of calcium concentrations • Calcium used by neuron to release neurotransmitters and by muscle to trigger contraction • Too low cause muscle spasms and seizure • Too high muscle to weaken and stop • adjust levels : controlled by calcitonin, calcitriol and parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Deposits or absorption of bone • Excretion or retention in kidney • Absorption from digestive tract

  20. calcitonin • Released by thyroid gland • Reduces concentration of calcium in the blood • Bone turnover

  21. Vitamin D and calcitriol • Vitamin D from sunlight • In liver turns into calcitriol • Calcitriol stimulates digestive tract to absorb calcium from ingested food

  22. Parathyroid hormone • Most important • Triggered when calcium levels too low • Increase calcium concentration by: • Stimulating bone turnover • Stimulating kidney to reabsorb • Activating more calcitriol from vitamin D

  23.  kidney reabsorption of Ca++ thyroid Ca++ depositedin bones high  Ca++uptakein intestines low parathyroid  kidney reabsorption of Ca++ bones release Ca++ Endocrine System Control Regulation of Blood Calcium Feedback calcitonin blood calcium level(10 mg/100mL) activated Vitamin D parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  24. Adrenal glands • Sit right above the kidney • Core is the adrenal medulla • Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, stress • Around adrenal medulla is the adrenal cortex • Controlled by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

  25. Adrenal glands • Sex steroids • Androgens • Testosterone • Estrogen and progesterone • Two classes of cortisteroid hormones • Mineralocorticoids • Influences salt and water balance of extracellular fluids • Glucocorticoids • Increase blood glucose concentrations • Cortisol and corticosterone

  26. pancreas high liver low pancreas liver Endocrine System Control Regulation of Blood Sugar Feedback islets of Langerhans beta islet cells insulin body cells takeup sugar from blood liver storesglycogen reducesappetite blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) liver releasesglucose triggershunger islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells glucagon

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