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Introduction to Sociology. What is Sociology? Connections to Social Work Basic Insight of Sociology What is a Sociologist? Natural Curiosity (focus on the too sacred, too repulsive, too boring) and The Social Organization of Man Sociology like a Passion than a Pastime.
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Introduction to Sociology • What is Sociology?Connections to Social WorkBasic Insight of Sociology • What is a Sociologist?Natural Curiosity (focus on the toosacred, too repulsive, too boring) and The Social Organization of Man • Sociology like a Passion than a Pastime
Introduction to Sociology • What is the sociological perspective?Personal Experience: 1. No understanding of other cultures. 2. Sweeping Conclusions. 3. Errors in Understanding. • Leon Festinger’s Need to Know • Fritz Heider’s Naïve Psychology
Introduction to Sociology • Perspective:1. Removes us from familiar experiences2. Critically and objectively examine phenomenon3. Conscious effort to question the obvious • Social Science vs. Natural Sciences
Introduction to Sociology • Difference Between Social Problems and Sociological Ones • First Mission of Sociology: much of what may initially appear to be one way may not be that way at all in practice. • Origins of SociologyAuguste Comte Social Statics and Social Dynamics
Introduction to Sociology • Herbert Spencer Social Darwinism Survival of the fittest • Karl Marx Optimistic view of Man • 2 Classes: Elite and Proletariat • Means of production: False Consciousness, Class Consciousness
Introduction to Sociology • Work is not rewarding in any form. Economic Determinism • Emile Durkheim Social Facts Collective Conscience • Max Weber The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Captialism Rationalization of Social Relations Verstehen
Introduction to Sociology • Charles Cooley and George H. Mead Self and symbolic interactionism • Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Structural FunctionalismConflict PerspectiveSymbolic Interactionism Dramaturgical Sociology Ethnomethodology
Research Methods • Methods of “Knowing”LogicCommon AgreementDirect Personal Observation • Things That Inhibit the Research Process Tradition Inaccurate Observation
Research Methods • OvergeneralizationSelective Observation • Terms in ResearchAttributeVariableParsimoniouslyIndependent, Dependent VariablesExogenous and Intervening Variables
Research Methods • Goals of ResearchExplorationDescriptiveAnalysis • Types of Research DesignExperimentsSurveysField Research
Research Methods • Types of Field ResearchParticipant ObserverParticipant as ObserverObserver as ParticipantComplete Observer • Ethical Issues in Field Research
Culture • Culture Shock • Ethnocentrism • Cultural Relativity • Components of CultureNonmaterial Culture=Symbolic CultureGestures
Culture • Language—words are symbols How it allows culture to exist: 1. Allows experiences to be cumulative 2. Provides a shared past and future 3. Allows shared understandings
Culture • Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • Values • Norms: folkways and mores • Subcultures/Countercultures
Groups • Social Organization • Social Positions: Status and Role • Ascribed and Achieved Statuses • Status Symbols • Master Status • Problems with Statuses and RolesRole Strain/Role Conflict
Groups • Types of Groups Primary/Secondary Dyads/Triads • Communities Territorial Non-Territorial Reference Groups
Groups • Interaction in Groups Hobbs—War of all against all. • Principles of Interaction Pleasure Rationality, Reciprocity, Fairness Principles • Influence of Groups on Behavior/Group ConformityTrivial: Asch, SherifModerate: Newcomb and LibermannSerious: Zimbardo and Milgram
Zimbardo Study • Environ Cues New Role Expect Role Merger Neg. Interaction Reward
Groups • Altruism and the Bystander Effect • Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies History of Bureaucracies—Feudal System Paternalistic Organizations Loss of control Poor communication History of decision making • Questions of Efficiency and Effectiveness: Compared to What?
Groups • Parkinson’s Laws #1 and #2 • Finding Responsible Decision Makers • Trained Incapacity/Ritualism • Organizational Survival
Socialization • Feral childrenIsabelle in 1938 in Ohio So what’s the key to this change in behavior? Language…and stimulating interaction Orphanages, Skeel and Dye’s study. Main Finding? Those assigned to the challenged women gained 28 IQ points, control group lost 30 IQ points. So how do we become human?
Socialization • Mead and Cooley1. We imagine how we appear to those around us.2. We interpret others’ reactions3. We develop a self-concept. • Connections to self-esteem, esp. among women in our society
Socialization • Mead:Role Taking: The Significant Other and the Generalized Other • Play, Game, Generalized Other Stages of Self • Agents of SocializationFamily, Peers, Schools, Media • Resocialization
Deviance and Social Control • Deviance Defined • Theories of DevianceIndividual/BiologicalSocial Structural Miller’s Focal Concerns Merton’s Theory of Anomie
Deviance and Social Control • Social ProcessSutherland’s Differential Association • Labeling Theory Process of LabelingAct (Primary Deviance), Status Degradation Ceremony, Label (Master Status) Retrospective Interpretation, Internalization (Secondary Deviance), Deviant Subculture/Career • Can Label be Removed?
