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Exploring the Ocean: Zones, Habitats, and Resources

Delve into the mysteries of the ocean, from trading routes to ocean habitats and resources. Learn about its zones, creatures, and human impact.

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Exploring the Ocean: Zones, Habitats, and Resources

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  1. Chapter 4: “Ocean Zones”

  2. I. Exploring the Ocean • Learning About the Ocean: • All people have studied the ocean throughout history, because the ocean is a source of food, trade routes, and travel. Modern scientists study the ocean’s waters and the ocean floor. • Trading routes • Scientific discoveries • Exploring the ocean floor – sonar = sound navigation and ranging • Features of the Ocean Floor • Shallow water – continental shelf, continental slope • Open ocean – abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge • Deepest depths – trench • Movements of the Ocean Floor • Layers inside earth • Earth’s plates: Tectonic plate movement has shaped Earth’s features, on land and under the ocean. • Plates moving apart (diverging) – seafloor spreading • Plates moving together (converging) – subduction

  3. II. Ocean Habitats • Ocean Zones and Conditions • Ocean zones: • Intertidal zone • Neritic zone • Open-ocean zone • Physical conditions • Life in the Ocean: Scientists classify marine organisms based on where they live and how they move. • Plankton • Nekton • Benthos • Relationships among organisms • Ocean food webs

  4. III. Intertidal Zone • Rocky Shores • Organisms must be able to tolerate pounding waves, changes in salinity, and changes in temperature. They must also be able to live underwater or exposed to air. • Along the rocks – the “spray zone” • Barnacles; limpets • In tide pools • Sea stars; sea urchins; sea anemones • Where River Meets Ocean • Along the coasts of the U.S. are mostly two types of wetlands. • Mangrove forests • Salt marshes • Protecting estuaries from pollution

  5. IV. Neritic Zone and Open-Ocean Zone • Conditions in the Neritic Zone • The shallow water over the continental shelf receives sunlight and a steady supply of nutrients washed from the land into the ocean. The light and nutrients enable large plantlike algae to grow. • Coral Reefs • Environment of coral reefs – Coral reefs can form only in shallow, tropical ocean waters. • Ring-shaped reefs - atoll • Life around a reef • Coral reefs and humans

  6. “How an Atoll Forms” (Figure 13, pg. 152)

  7. Life in a Kelp Forest • Environment of kelp forests • Kelp forests grow in cold neritic waters where the ocean has a rocky floor. • Providing a habitat • Conditions in the Open Ocean • Only a small part of the open ocean receives sunlight. The water has fewer nutrients. • The surface zone • The transition zone • The deep zone • Hydrothermal vents

  8. V. Resources From the Ocean • Living Resources: people depend on fish and other ocean organisms for food and for materials used in certain products • Harvesting fish • Aquaculture • Other ocean products • Nonliving Resources • Water • Fuels • Minerals - nodules • Ocean Pollution: some ocean pollution is natural but most is human-related • Natural occurrences • Human activities • Protecting Earth’s oceans

  9. Chapter Review • Review Questions • Pg. 169, #1-10 • Pg. 170, #11-25 • Test Format • M.C. and T/F • Short Answer (diagrams) • “Features of the Ocean Floor” (pg. 134-135) • “How an Atoll Forms” (pg. 152)

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