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Biomolecules. What are they? Why do we need them?. Types of Biomolecules. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids. Monomers. Simplest unit of a biomolecule that makes up larger forms of the biomolecule For example: simple sugars join together to make starches. Polymers.
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Biomolecules • What are they? • Why do we need them?
Types of Biomolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids
Monomers • Simplest unit of a biomolecule that makes up larger forms of the biomolecule • For example: simple sugars join together to make starches
Polymers • Larger biomolecules that are made up of monomers
Carbohydrates • Used for immediate energy • If a human has too much, glucose is stored in two ways: liver converts sugars to glycogen; and, also stored as fat • Monomers called monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
Glucose: Used (slow burning) as an immediate energy source by cells (where is energy stored in a glucose molc?)
Glucose combines together to form polysaccharides, a polymer (starch) Cellulose in wood
Lipids: monomers: glycerol and fatty acids • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Biological membranes: cell, nuclear, internal membranes of organelles <small organs within a eukaryotic cell>
Why do lipids have SOOOO much ENERGY? • Because of the many, many, many covalent bonds in the fatty acids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Solid at room temp: Liquid at room temp:
Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA • Monomers: nucleotides • Polymers are DNA and RNA
Proteins: structure determines function! • Monomers are amino acids • 20 different types • Differ according to the R-group • R-groups give amino acids characteristics such as…hydrophilic, hydrophobic, if it will make S-S bridges, acid or basic
So, proteins…let’s talk about structure • 1’ primary structure: amino acid sequence; polypeptide • 2’ secondary: folding of polypeptide (H-bonds) • 3’ tertiary: folding again • 4’ quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides held together
So, proteins…let’s talk about structure • 1’ structure: amino acids covalently bond together to produce a peptide. • Covalent bond that hold one amino acid to another is called a peptide bond. • It’s the peptide bond to which Biurets attaches.
Protein Uses: structure determines function! • ENZYMES (much more on this later) • Cell membrane receptors • Cell membrane channels and pumps • Cell membrane recognition (id tags)
Protein Uses: structure determines function! • Structure: muscles, cytoskeleton, hair • Chemical messengers (hormones)