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Biomolecules

Biomolecules. What are they? Why do we need them?. Types of Biomolecules. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids. Monomers. Simplest unit of a biomolecule that makes up larger forms of the biomolecule For example: simple sugars join together to make starches. Polymers.

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Biomolecules

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  1. Biomolecules • What are they? • Why do we need them?

  2. Types of Biomolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  3. Monomers • Simplest unit of a biomolecule that makes up larger forms of the biomolecule • For example: simple sugars join together to make starches

  4. Polymers • Larger biomolecules that are made up of monomers

  5. Carbohydrates • Used for immediate energy • If a human has too much, glucose is stored in two ways: liver converts sugars to glycogen; and, also stored as fat • Monomers called monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

  6. Glucose: Used (slow burning) as an immediate energy source by cells (where is energy stored in a glucose molc?)

  7. Glucose combines together to form polysaccharides, a polymer (starch) Cellulose in wood

  8. Lipids: monomers: glycerol and fatty acids • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Biological membranes: cell, nuclear, internal membranes of organelles <small organs within a eukaryotic cell>

  9. Why do lipids have SOOOO much ENERGY? • Because of the many, many, many covalent bonds in the fatty acids

  10. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Solid at room temp: Liquid at room temp:

  11. Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA • Monomers: nucleotides • Polymers are DNA and RNA

  12. Proteins: structure determines function! • Monomers are amino acids • 20 different types • Differ according to the R-group • R-groups give amino acids characteristics such as…hydrophilic, hydrophobic, if it will make S-S bridges, acid or basic

  13. So, proteins…let’s talk about structure • 1’ primary structure: amino acid sequence; polypeptide • 2’ secondary: folding of polypeptide (H-bonds) • 3’ tertiary: folding again • 4’ quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides held together

  14. So, proteins…let’s talk about structure • 1’ structure: amino acids covalently bond together to produce a peptide. • Covalent bond that hold one amino acid to another is called a peptide bond. • It’s the peptide bond to which Biurets attaches.

  15. Protein Uses: structure determines function! • ENZYMES (much more on this later) • Cell membrane receptors • Cell membrane channels and pumps • Cell membrane recognition (id tags)

  16. Protein Uses: structure determines function! • Structure: muscles, cytoskeleton, hair • Chemical messengers (hormones)

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