Chemicals of Life: Carbon Compounds

1. Chemicals of Life:Carbon Compounds Mr. StanleyEnriched Biology 1-2

2. The Chemistry of Carbon • Carbon is a very versatile atom! • Can bind to many different atoms to form strong covalent compounds!. • Can bind to other carbon atoms to form long chains or even rings of atoms. Cyclohexane Butane Benzene Methane

3. Macromolecules • Many of the molecules in a living thing are “giant” molecules or “Macromolecules” • Formed by polymerization • Monomers (small units) join together one after another to form polymers (large chains)

4. Polymers Monomers Polymers

5. Structure of Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are a group of chemicals that include sugars, starches, and cellulose. • Carbohydrates are made mostly of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. • Found in breads, pastas, cereals, etc. • Structure is a 6-sided ring of Carbon

6. Types of Carbohydrates • Some carbohydrates are simple sugars like those found in honey, but others are very complex chemical forms. • Monosaccharides: single sugars, small • Eg: Glucose, galactose, fructose • Disaccharides: double sugars, bigger • Eg: Sucrose (table sugar), lactose, maltose • Polysaccharides: many sugars, huge • Eg: Glycogen (animals)/Starch (plants)

7. Function of Carbohydrates • Carbs are the main source of energy for living things. • If you indulge in too many carbs,they are stored as the polysaccharide, Glycogen

8. Function of Carbohydrates • Plants also store energy as starch. • Polysaccharides, like cellulose, are used for plant structure.

9. Tests for Carbohydrates • Iodine Test • Tests for the presence of starch • Positive: Purple color • Negative: Yellow/Brown color • Benedicts Solution Test • Tests for the presence of monosaccharides • Positive: Varies; yellow to dark red • Negative: Blue

10. Mmmm…Fat!

11. Lipids • Carbohydrates provide short term energy. • If energy needs to be stored long-term, the body transforms it into lipids (fats) • Lipids are made of C and H atoms • Are non-polar; Don’t mix well with water

12. Lipid Structure • Lipids are formed of a glycerol molecule attached to fatty acid chains

13. Lipid Structure • Saturated Lipids (Fats and Waxes) • Solid at room temperature • Lipid fatty acid tail is completely saturated with hydrogens • No Carbon-Carbon double bonds • Can form blockages in your veins and arteries.

14. Lipid Structure • Unsaturated Lipids (Oils and Steroids) • Liquid at room temperature (olive oil, etc.) • Contains one or more C-C double bonds • Because they are typically liquid, they do not form vein or artery blockages

15. Lipid Function • Fats not only provide energy, but can serve to sustain homeostasis by… • providing insulation (blubber) • protecting plants from water loss (cuticles) • building cell membranes (phospholipids)

16. Tests for Lipids • Sudan III Test • Tests for presence offats and oils • Dyes oils/fats red • Positive: Red layer • Negative: No red layer

17. Proteins • Over half the dry weight of your body is made up of a type of chemical called protein. • Proteins are large, complex molecules composed of many smaller molecules called amino acids. • Composed of C, H, O, and N • Found in meats, egg whites, milk, etc.

18. Amino Acids • Building blocks of proteins • 20 different amino acids • Structure • Amino Group  NH2 • Carboxyl Group  COOH • R-group varies • Amino acids are heldtogether by peptide bonds

19. Protein Function • Movement • Some proteins control movement by providing the basis for muscle fibers • Structure • Proteins like collagen provide the basis for bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.

20. Protein Function • Regulation • Enzymes control chemical reactions • Transport • Hemoglobin carries oxygen to the body • Defense • Antibodies are proteins that help fight off body invaders like viruses and bacteria.

21. Protein Organization • Four Levels • Primary Structure-- • Amino Acid Chain • Secondary Structure • Folding/Twisting of Amino Acids • Tertiary Structure • Folding/Twisting of Amino Acid Chain • Quaternary Structure • Different Amino Acid chains bind together

22. Protein Organization

23. Testing for Proteins • Biuret Solution Tests • Tests for presence ofProteins • Positive: Purple color • Negative: No color change

24. Nucleic Acids • What makes you different from the person sitting next to you? • All of your traits are controlled through chemicals in your body called nucleic acids. • They are large complex molecules that store your genetic information

25. Structure of Nucleic Acids • We better know these as Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) • Nucleic acids are made up of C, H, O, N, and P. • Usually shaped likea double helix (spiral)

26. Structure of Nucleic Acids • DNA and RNA are polymers made up of monomers called “nucleotides”. • Nucleotides consist of… • 5-Carbon sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base

27. Review • What is the sweet substance used for QUICK energy? • These chemicals can provide structure and function in living things. • What chemical provides long-term storage of energy in plants?

28. Review • What chemical is used as long term storage and insulation in animals? • What chemical helps control chemical reactions? • What chemical provides instructions for your body processes?