Chapter VIII. Human Geography Notebook pp. 186-231

1. Chapter VIII. Human GeographyNotebook pp. 186-231  Focus: the mutual influence of people and the Planet  In other words, how do we get from this… …to this?

2. A. Demographic Transition Model [p. 193-194] The theory: every society will go through 4 periods of development [p. 193]: • Stage 1/A: Pre-transition • -high birth rates, high death rates i.e., low development • Stage 2/B: Early Transition • -high birth rates, lower death rates i.e., start of development

3. Stage 3/C: Full Transition • -declining birth rates, low death rates i.e., development in progress • Stage 4/D: Post Transition • -low birth rates, low death rates i.e., society developed • Stage 5/E: Unknown Future? • - birth rates below death rates i.e., where do we go now?  How do we know which country is in which of these stages? We use data from population pyramids.

4. B. Population Pyramids [pp. 195-196]  This is how we can analyse a nation’s progress in development.

5. 1. Early Expanding/Pre-Transition • High birth rates—lots of sex = lots of babies • High death rates—not many of these babies last • Disease, malnutrition, low life expectancy

6. 2. Expanding/Early Transition • High birth rates—still lots of sex = lots of babies • Lower death rates—more of these babies lasting into adulthood • Improved health care, hygene, diet

7. 3. Stable/Full Transition • Lower birth rates—still lots of sex = not as many babies • Low death rates—more of these babies lasting into old age • Low disease, women working, birth control

8. 4. Contracting/Post Transition??? • Very low birth rates—still lots of sex = few babies • Very low death rates—many surviving into old age • Many kids and old surviving—high dependency ratio…what next?

9. C. Factors in development 1. PGR—Population Growth Rate [p. 192] = (Immigration - Emmigration) - Death Rate + Birth Rate i.e., how fast is the population growing?

10. 2. Standard of Living [pp. 210-212] What makes a country livable? Antonio Todde died at age 112 a) Life Expectancy: how many years will the average person live? b) Literacy Rates: ability to read and write effectively c) GDP/Gross Domestic Product: total of all goods and services produced

11. D. Challenges to development 1. Environmental concerns [text pp. 199-208] a) Global Warming & the Greenhouse effect [pp. 200-201] b) Ozone depletion pp. 202-203

12. 2. Dependency Ratio [text p. 197]: how many are too old or too young to support themselves i.e., under 15 & over 64 Dependents Working Age Dependents

13. Chapter VII. Québec and Aboriginal IssuesNotebook pp. 171-184 A. Québec The problem: you have a French minority governed by an English majority. Battle of the Plains of Abraham Rebellions of 1837 Hanging of Louis Riel  In the 20th century, some decided to do something drastic.

14. 1. The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s [text pp. 171-172] • Québec became secularized and urban instead of Catholic and rural, which made them more nationalistic. • 1967: At Expo 67, French President Charles de Gaulle’s “Vive le Québec libre!” furthered this thought. • 1969: Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau signs the Official Languages Act, making both French and English the official languages.

15. 2. The FLQ crisis [text pp. 173-175] Some decided to take this further and make Québec an independent nation. • The Front de Libération du Québec was a separatist group ready to use violence to get independence • October 1970: British Trade Commissioner James Cross and Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte were kidnapped for a prisoner exchange.

16. The October Crisis of 1970: Laporte’s murdered body was found on Oct. 17th. • Cross’ release was negotiated, but still Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act and suspends civil liberties: “Just watch me!”

17. 3. Legislative Attempts [text pp. 174-175] • Bill 22, 1974: French the official language of Québec • Parti Québécois (PQ) founded as party of separation • Bill 101, 1977: restrictions of English in Québec The Supreme Court in 1989 ruled this law unconstitutional, but the Provincial Government used the 5 years of the Notwithstanding Clause [pp. 19 & 175]

18. 4. Federal Intervention [text pp. 175-177] • Referendum of 1980—independence of Québec: 60% voted no [text p. 175] • Constitutional Act of 1982—constitution repatriated, but Québec doesn’t sign because of “late night revisions” [text p. 175]

19. Meech Lake Accord of 1987—PM Brian Mulroney’s failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause [text pp. 175-176] • Charlottetown Accord of 1992—PM Brian Mulroney’s other failed attempt to redo the Constitution with Québec with the “distinct society” clause and a “Canada Clause” of Canadian values [text pp. 176]

20. Bloc Québécois (BQ) founded as the federal party of separation in 1993 • Referendum of 1995—independence of Québec: 50.6% voted no [text p. 175] • Where do Québec and Canada go from here?

21. B. The Aboriginal Issue [text pp. 179-184] The problem: you have an even smaller Native minority governed by an Caucasian majority that wants to assimilate it. 1) Attempts to Assimilate • Reserve System of 1830 [text p. 180] • Indian Act of 1876: residential schools, health care, hunting and fishing rights, and treaty payments in exchange for abandoning their culture [text pp. 180-181].

22. 2) Attempt to Reverse Assimilation [text pp. 182-184] • The White Paper of 1968: government policy to end the reservation system and “special status” for equality and preservation of culture—it was unpopular [text p. 182] • National Indian Brotherhood founded in 1969, later the Assembly of First Nations [text p. 182]

23. Land Claims—which lands belonged to which bands by which treaty? E.g., the Oka Standoff in 1990 [text pp. 182-183] • Self Government: the recognition of aboriginal communities to make decisions integral to their culture [text pp. 183-184] • E.g., the Nisga’a Treaty and the formation of Nunavut

24. Any questions???????