1 / 44

Ecology

Ecology. Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Tiers of Ecology. Individual Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems The Biosphere. Populations, Communities, Ecosystems. Population: same species, same area, same time

odele
Download Presentation

Ecology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ecology • Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

  2. Tiers of Ecology • Individual Organisms • Populations • Communities • Ecosystems • The Biosphere

  3. Populations, Communities, Ecosystems • Population: same species, same area, same time • Community: groups of organisms (diff. species), same area or habitat, same time • Ecosystem: a community of organisms AND their abiotic environment • Biotic = living things • Abiotic = non-living things

  4. Flow of Energy/Cycling Matter • Energy • No mass • Stored in food as chemical bonds • From sun • Lost as heat • Energy flows through trophiclevels of ecosystems • Producers (autotrophs) • Make own food • Store NRG, make chemical bonds • Consumers (heterotrophs) • Eat others for food • Release NRG, break chem. bonds

  5. Flow of Energy/Cycling Matter Tertiary Consumers: carnivores 0.01% of SC energy stored {1/50 of the sun’s energy reaches earth} Secondary Consumers: omnivores & carnivores 0.1% of PC energy stored Primary Consumers: herbivores 1% of PP energy stored Primary Producers: plants 10% of Sun energy stored {90 % of the energy is “lost” to metabolism, reproduction, and growth and development of organisms at each trophic level}

  6. Fill in the Blanks Eagle ____% Walleye ____% Perch ____% Minnow ____% Algae ____ %

  7. Fill in the Blanks Humans 1% {It takes a lot of primary produces to support a top consumer} ___% ___% Apples

  8. Primary Producers • Producers (autotrophs) • Make own food • Store NRG in chemical bonds • For use later & eaten by… • Photosynthesis • Plant cells, chloroplasts Sun + CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 (sugar) + O2

  9. Consumers • Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, etc. (heterotrophs) • Eat autotrophs • E.g. Herbivores, Omnivores, Carnivores, Detrivores, & Decomposers • Store energy from food in chemical bonds • Cellular Respiration • Plant & animal cells, mitochondria C6H12O6 (sugar) + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

  10. Biogeochemical Cycles • Water • Nitrogen • Phosphorous • Carbon

  11. Water Cycle

  12. Water Cycle • From gas to liquid or solid • Condensation • From atmosphere to lithosphere • Precipitation • From lithosphere to atmosphere • From water: evaporation • From land: transpiration

  13. Nitrogen Cycle • From atmosphere & animals to lithosphere • Ammonification • From lithosphere to atmosphere & animals • Denitrification • Nitrogen fixation (bacteria) • From lithosphere to hydrosphere • Eutrophication

  14. Phosphorous Cycle • Phosphates (soil)  runoff (wind, rain, etc.) • Sediments in water systems  absorbed • Plants/animals  decompose or excrete • Phosphates (soil)  etc. • Used in fertilizer (4x)

  15. Carbon Cycle • Fossil fuels are • Undecomposed organic matter • Carbon is cycled between CO2 & sugars (C6H12O6) • Plants and animals • From animals & plants to atmosphere • Respiration (CO2) • From animals & plants to lithosphere • Decomposition • From atmosphere to plants…photosynthesis • Carbon fixation, form of sugars (C6H12O6) • From plants (chloroplasts) to animals (mitochondria) • Cell respiration / breakdown of sugars (give off energy)

  16. Carbon and Energy • What are some current issues with the carbon cycle? • Energy = no mass • so transported within chemical bonds • Each transfer loses a little energy to heat • Eventually all energy is lost to heat

  17. Food Chain

  18. Food Web

  19. Animal Interactions • Summary of: • Predator/Prey (Lion vs. Zebra) • Mutualism (Bird & Water Buffalo) • Commensalism (Nurse Shark & Remora) • Parasitism (Cricket & Worm) (Complex Life Cycle) (Parasitoid—Cordyceps)

  20. Human Interactions • Humans have 2 interactions not found in nature: • Hurt/Hurt • Altruism

  21. Populations • What is a population again? • A group of the same species that live in one place at one time and interbreed • When looking at populations…2 types of growth • Exponential • Has limiting factor • Logistic • Has carrying capacity

  22. Populations • When looking at populations…2 factors that affect their size • Abiotic (weather, living space, etc.) • Biotic (food, animal interactions, etc.) • Is the affect humans have on populations of organisms an abiotic or biotic factor?

  23. Do you see a trend?

  24. Human Populations • Historic Growth & Science/Tech. of Today

  25. Human Population Pyramids

  26. Human Population Pyramids

  27. Human Population Pyramids

  28. Population Regulation 2 kinds of limiting factors 1. density-independent factors a. does not depend on popln size b. ex: weather, floods, and fires 2. density-dependent factors a. triggered by increasing popln size b. resource limitations like food shortage or lack of nesting sites

  29. Environmental Issues • 3 basic categories: • Pollution • Loss of Biodiversity • E.g. Invasive Species • Use of Resources • Renewable • Nonrenewable

  30. Air Pollution • Types: • E.g. S, N, & C ‘oxides’ • Natural vs. human • Result in: • Increase in smog • Disturbance of ozone layer, atmosphere, & ecosystems • Increased health concerns • (China) • Acid rain • Decay of buildings and statues • Deforestation • Acidification of lakes • Animal/plant death

  31. Water/Soil Pollution • Types of Water Pollution: • Bacteria/pathogens • Indicator of sewage leak • Chemicals • Fertilizers, detergents, manufacturing byproducts, urban runoff, etc. • Debris (human or natural) • Thermal • Result in: • Water turbitidy (no light) • Eutrophication (dead zone) • Anoxia (depleation of O2) • Changes in temp. & pH • Animal & plant death • Human health issues (Garbage Island) • Types of Soil Pollution • Rupture of waste/storage tanks • Pesticides/fertilizers • Oil/fuel dumping • Waste leakage from landfills • Percolation of contaminated H2O

  32. Biodiversity • Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within an ecosystem, biome, planet, etc. • Why is it a good thing? • How does pollution affect biodiversity? • Food webs • Evolutionary age of community • Millions of years old…

  33. Loss of Biodiversity-Invasive Species • Brainstorm how biodiversity is lost… • Definition: • A non-native or non-indigenous species of flora or fauna that adversely affect an ecosystem • Dominate resources • Traits: • The ability to reproduce both asexually and sexually • Fast growth, rapid reproductive capabilities • Easy, rapid dispersal • Ability to alter physical characteristics • Ability to alter habits (food resources, living space, etc.) • Association with humans • Often facilitated by wildfire, deforestation, etc. • Examples: (Great Lakes) (Prevention)

  34. Use of Resources • Renewable • Sun • Wind • Water • Soil • Wood • Non-renewable • Metals (Fe, Al, Cu…etc.) • Unless recycled • Nonmetals (Na, sand, salt, etc.) • Fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc.)

  35. Use of Nonrenewable Energy • Eg. Fossil fuels • Dirty, nonrenewable • Running out… • Results in: • Devastation of lithosphere • Global pollution • Loss of biodiversity • Human, plant, & animal life • Global climate change • Blanket, speed of change, (GCC 101)

  36. What Can We Do? • Is this really an issue?

More Related