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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Transcription and Translation. The Central Dogma. Overview of transcription. Figure 4-10. Overview of transcription. Figure 4-10. Types of RNAs transcribed. Transcription of a bacterial gene. Starting and stopping transcription of a bacterial gene.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Transcription and Translation

  2. The Central Dogma

  3. Overview of transcription Figure 4-10

  4. Overview of transcription Figure 4-10

  5. Types of RNAs transcribed

  6. Transcription of a bacterial gene

  7. Starting and stopping transcription of a bacterial gene

  8. Overview of RNA processing in eukaryotes Figure 4-13/14

  9. Intron Splicing

  10. Different proteins are producedfrom the same gene by alternative RNA splicing Figure 4-15

  11. Figure 4-12

  12. Repressors and Activators

  13. Transcription in Eukaryotes

  14. Gene regulatory proteins can bind to distant gene regulatory sequences and regulate transcription.

  15. The three roles of RNA in protein synthesis • Three types of RNA molecules perform different but complementary roles in protein synthesis (translation) • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three base “words” termed codons • Transfer RNA (tRNA) deciphers the code and delivers the specified amino acid • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes, structures that function as protein-synthesizing machines

  16. The roles of RNA in protein synthesis Figure 4-19

  17. The genetic code is a triplet code

  18. The genetic code can be read in different frames Figure 4-20

  19. Translation is a two-step decoding process Figure 4-21

  20. The structure of tRNA specifies its decoding function Figure 4-22

  21. Nonstandard base pairing often occurs between codons and anticodons Figure 4-23

  22. Ribosome structure in prokaryotes & eukaryotes Figure 4-24

  23. Image reconstruction of an E. coli ribosome Figure 4-27

  24. Stepwise formation of proteins on ribosomes • Translation occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination

  25. Initiation Figure 4-25

  26. Initiation continued Figure 4-25

  27. During elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites Figure 4-26

  28. During elongation each incoming aminoacyl-tRNA moves through three ribosomal sites Figure 4-26

  29. Protein synthesis is terminated by release factors when a stop codon is reached Figure 4-29

  30. Simultaneous translation by multiple ribosomes and their rapid recycling increases the efficiency of protein synthesis Figure 4-31

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