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Concerted Action

Concerted Action. -collusion -Article 7 of FTL -Oligopoly Market -To Restrict activity of enterprise. Forms. Contract (s) Agreement(s) Other mutual understanding between parties Communication of intent. Activities. Standard price set by trade association

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Concerted Action

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  1. Concerted Action -collusion -Article 7 of FTL -Oligopoly Market -To Restrict activity of enterprise

  2. Forms • Contract (s) • Agreement(s) • Other mutual understanding between parties • Communication of intent

  3. Activities • Standard price set by trade association • Limitation on kinds, specifications of goods or services • Restriction the expansion of goods production or scale of services • Restrict goods manufactured, shipment or sales. • Agreeing on, drawing up, announcing, maintaining or changing prices charged by members

  4. Authorization or exemption ? • FTL #14, sub 1-7 • 1 .unify specification or model of goods • 2. Joint research and development on goods or market • 3. Develop a separate and specialized area • 4. Agreement to promote exports • 5. Import of goods for trades • *6. Limit P& Q of products in economic downturn • 7. Joint action of small and medium enterprises

  5. * The Criteria of Limit P& Q of products • -Depression-blue, green, yellow,red light • Economic Planning Commission • Product market price < average production cost • Oversupply • Limit price , quantity , facility of products

  6. Underlining promises • 1. Problem recognition: a. b. c. • 2. Information research : investigation • 3. Alternative formulation : a. b. c. • 4. Choose the alternative: a or b • 5. Solve the problem

  7. The process of investigation • FTL# 27 (TPA 155) • 1. Information providing • 2. Interviews • 3. Spot investigation • 4. Government institutions (central competant unit) • 5. Trade or industry association’s information • 6. Investigation bureau’s information or assistances • 7. Police department’s assistance • 8. Quasi-information comparison: a. go to 1 • b. go to 2. C. go to 3.

  8. Investigation Results • 1.Product’s price setting is unreasonable • 2.Price decided by the association • 3. Price suggested by upstream suppliers • 4. Demand and supply (raw material , commodity ) • 5. Unfair trade practices • 6. Cut-throat competition by counterpart • 7. Restriction of operation territory • 8. Unreasonable transaction terms • 9. Counterfeiting • 10.Goodwill hit by other companies

  9. case • Industry:cement • Parties :11 manufacturers, 10 silo holders or distributors • Fine:210 million NTD(6.5 mUSD) • Behavior: anti-competitive practices-jointly raising the prices of their products

  10. Resources • Invetigation duration: 4 years • Frequency: 1000 investigators accumulated • Data collection: 100 files, 20 thousand pages • Expertise: TFTC task forces, formal public hearing process

  11. Collusion analysis • Manufacturers reached an agreement to set up a joint venture to acquire the silo of harbor in order to prevent the international cement groups from establishing domestic marketing channels. • Resulting from oversupply of cement, cement manufacturers negotiated the retreat of some enterprises from the market. • The int’l cartel and local manufacturers reached an agreement to allocate the mktplace among themselves, to stay out of each other’s territories and make a compensation by using counterpart’s silo to keep foreign enterprises out of the mkt. • They reached an agreement to sell domestic cement to each other instead of importing from other countries at lower price for the purpose of restricting market competition and facilitating the joint hiking of cement price. • By reducing their production capacity and quantity supplied, shortening the effective term of order, and fixing their terminal selling price, cement suppliers have jointly hiked the price of cement substantially from 1300 to the present 2250 per metric ton. • Viewing that slag, the substitute product of cement, had severely affected the sales of cement, domestic cement enterprises have reached an agreement or arrived at an understanding with thel enterprises in Japan to reduce the annual exporting volume of slag to Taiwan.

  12. 89-92年度國內水泥銷售市場平均占有率

  13. 國內水泥製造廠分布圖

  14. 國內水泥倉儲發貨站（SILO）分布圖

  15. 臺中港水泥倉儲發貨站（SILO）圖

  16. ＡＣＰＡＣ東亞七國水泥出口國產銷資料（表一）ＡＣＰＡＣ東亞七國水泥出口國產銷資料（表一）

  17. ＡＣＰＡＣ東亞七國水泥出口國產銷資料（表二）ＡＣＰＡＣ東亞七國水泥出口國產銷資料（表二）

  18. ＡＣＰＡＣ東亞七國水泥出口國產銷資料圖

  19. 世界前五大水泥集團89年控制東南亞五國水泥產能狀況表世界前五大水泥集團89年控制東南亞五國水泥產能狀況表 資料來源：國內水泥公會提供

  20. 水泥業者整合前後態勢圖 生 產 銷 售 業 者 台泥 亞泥 信大 幸福 力霸 環球 東南 欣欣 嘉新 建台 虛化 控制 通 路 銷 售 業 者 士新 華東 國興 台宇 萬青 環中 嘉國 東宇 中聯 嘉環東 通發進 工具 工具 進口 進口轉銷 轉銷 轉銷 轉銷 退出 特殊水泥 虛化

  21. 各家水泥業者成本變動圖

  22. 90-93年台、亞泥臺北地區牌價變化圖

  23. 90-93年台、亞泥臺中地區牌價變化圖

  24. 90-93年台、亞泥高雄地區牌價變化圖

  25. 89-92年度國內水泥消耗量變化率

  26. 國內水泥產品平均內銷單價變動圖 資料來源：本會整理自經濟部統計處『工業生產統計月報』

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