Postwar America (1945-1969) Lesson Two Civil Rights

1. Postwar America (1945-1969)Lesson Two Civil Rights USHC-8.1 Explain the causes and consequences of social and cultural changesin postwar America, including educational programs; the emergence of the consumer culture and expanding suburbanization; and the roles of women in American society.

2. Reconstruction Social Darwinism 13th Amendment → Abolished Slavery 14th Amendment → Citizenship and due process 15th Amendment → Voting rights. Civil Rights cases (1883) → overturned the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875; allowed the states to control racial policies Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) → “separate but equal” doctrine

3. Segregation De Facto = by tradition, custom, or practice De Jure = segregation by law (Plessy v. Ferguson 1896) White Flight

4. Truman Administration1948 Election The Democratic Party split over civil rights issues. Truman supported civil rights reforms. Dixiecrats or segregationists from the South chose SC Governor Strom Thurmond. Carried four states and won 39 electoral votes.

5. Integration of Pro Sports Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in pro baseball in 1947 Culmination of the Double V for Victory campaign of World War II era.

6. Eisenhower Administration Dynamic Conservatism 1957 and 1960 Civil Rights Acts Brown v. Board of Education Montgomery Bus Boycotts Little Rock Nine Federal power vs. States’ Rights

7. Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The Southern Christian Leadership Committee (SCLC) and the NAACP organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to force an end to the practice) 381 day boycott of Montgomery Mass Transit Authority

8. States’ RightsApproach Governors attempted to stop desegregation in public schools. Arkansas Governor Orval E. Faubus (Little Rock Nine) Alabama Governor George Wallace (University of Alabama)

9. Little Rock Nine Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The Southern Christian Leadership Committee (SCLC) and the NAACP organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to force an end to the practice) 381 day boycott of Montgomery Mass Transit Authority

10. Nonviolent Protest Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) “sit-ins” in the 1940s Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committees (SNCC) “sit-ins” beginning in 1960 THEY PLANNED TO REMAIN SEATED UNTIL THEY WERE SERVED OR ARRESTED Stokely Carmichael, leader of SNCC Dr. King, leader of SCLC and NAACP efforts

11. Kennedy Administration(1961-1963) New Frontier domestic agenda “Hope and Change”

12. 1960 Election Candidates: John F. Kennedy (D-Mass) Richard M. Nixon (R-Cal) Beginning on September 26, 1960, a series of four debates were watched by over 70 million viewers JFK was the first “packaged candidate” and many felt he won the TV debates. Nixon was the establishment candidate and those who listened to the debates on the radio felt he was the winner of each debate.

13. JFK’s Inauguration “And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country.”

14. JFK’s “Camelot Mystique” Painted on TV as “a middle class, Father Knows Best looking family.” The White House looked like a modern-day Camelot, the mythical court of King Arthur. “Best and Brightest” advisers

15. JFK’s “New Frontier” Nickname for his proposed domestic agenda. “We stand today on the edge of a New Frontier.” Space Race Medical care for the elderly Urban Renewal Aid to Education

16. JFK’s “Problem” He had no “mandate” for his domestic agenda. He faced the same conservative coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats faced by Truman’s Fair Deal. He failed to pass a new civil rights act. He focused only on what could be achieved: boost the economy (raised minimum wage) build national defense (20% increase in defense spending) provide international aid (Alliance for Progress; Peace Corps) fund a massive space program (NASA Space Race)

17. Freedom Rides CORE and the NAACP organized a series of Freedom Rides from the North into the South. Goal: Desegregate bus terminals and Greyhound bus lines After being attacked on the first attempt, President Kennedy places U.S. Marshals onto the subsequent rides.

18. Birmingham, Alabama“Bombing ham” BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA WAS ONE OF THE MOST SEGREGATED CITIES IN THE SOUTH. THE PURPOSE OF THE MANY SIT-INS AND BOYCOTTS FROM JANUARY THROUGH APRIL 1963 WAS TO END THE SEGREGATION BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

19. Nonviolent Protest THIS ATTACK BY POLICE DOGS ON PROTESTORS GOT THE MOVEMENT MUCH NEEDED PRESS COVERAGE. CITY OFFICIALS WERE ABLE TO GET A COURT ORDER BLOCKING THE DEMONSTRATIONS.

20. King vs. X Nation of Islam spokesman Malcolm X promoted violence and a separate black America until his hajj to Mecca. Dr. King promoted peaceful nonviolent protest to achieve change and was at odds with Malcolm X until 1965. Malcolm X was assassinated in late 1965.

21. “March on Washington”August 28, 1963 Connection to the Past: A. Phillip Randolph’s planned 1941 “March on Washington” was the model used. Dr. King gave his famous “I Have A Dream” speech 250,000 people crowded around the Wading Pool in Washington, D.C.

22. JFK’s “Space Race” JFK vowed America would get to the moon by the end of the 60’s. NASA in Florida and Texas. The National Defense Education Act of 1958 funded the training programs for NASA. This increased defense and space related industries spending in the Sunbelt. On July 29, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong walked on the moon.

23. JFK’s AssassinationNovember 22, 1963 Texas Book Depository Building Lee Harvey Oswald Open car for motorcade

24. Warren Commission Investigated whether it was a conspiracy or not. Chief Justice Earl Warren and his team investigated and concluded that Oswald had shot the President while acting alone. Oswald shot by Jack Ruby. Ruby committed suicide.

25. Johnson Administration(1963-1969) Lyndon B. Johnson (D-Texas) “The Treatment” Pushed a New Deal style agenda through Congress including Kennedy’s stalled civil rights legislation. Declared a “War on Poverty” LBJ declared an “unconditional war on poverty in America.” $1 billion to youth programs, antipoverty measures, small business loans, and job training. Domestic Agenda known as “The Great Society”

26. LBJ’s “Great Society”

27. 1964 Election LBJ’s “Great Society” vs. Barry Goldwater “Ultra conservative” Republican Johnson paints Goldwater as a war monger and hoping to dismantle the entire New Deal as well as the current “War on Poverty” Daisy Girl political ad LBJ wins in a landslide

28. Civil Rights Act 1964 REQUIRED UNIFORM STANDARDS FOR VOTING AND ABOLISHED LITERACY TESTS MADE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND SEGREGATION IN PUBLIC PLACES, SUCH AS THEATERS, RESTAURANTS AND HOTELS, ILLEGAL OUTLAWED DISCRIMINATION IN ANY FEDERALLY FUNDED PROGRAM OR JOB, INCLUDING DISCRIMINATION BASED ON GENDER

29. Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964 MANY NORTHERN WHITE STUDENTS VOLUNTEERED VOLUNTEERS REGISTERED VOTERS AND EVENTUALLY ENCOURAGED THEM TO VOTE FOR THE MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY (MFDP) MISSISSIPPI

30. Mississippi Burning ON JUNE 21, 1964 THE THREE MEN SET OUT TO INVESTIGATE A CHURCH BOMBING NEAR PHILADELPHIA, MS. AFTER BEING ARRESTED FOR TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS THE MEN WERE HELD FOR SEVERAL HOURS IN JAIL, WHICH IS THE LAST PLACE THEY WERE SEEN ALIVE. THEIR BODIES WERE FOUND 6 WEEKS LATER. BOTH WHITE MEN WERE SHOT ONCE IN THE CHEST WHILE CHANEY WAS BRUTALLY BEATEN TO DEATH.

31. Affirmative Action President Lyndon Johnson Signs Executive Order 11,246 Also known as “reverse discrimination” Gave minorities preferential consideration or quotas for jobs, admittance to universities, and management positions

32. Bloody Sunday Second March of Selma March 10,1965 Scene of Alabama State Police beating peaceful marchers shocked many Americans. Soon after LBJ pushes the Voting Rights Act of 1965 through Congress.

33. Black Power Movement After Malcolm X was killed, SNCC (led by Stokely Carmichael) and the Black Panthers emerged. All promoted a separate, black America and advocated the use of violence when needed.

34. March 31, 1968 Announced a new Vietnam policy including no increase in troop deployments, reduced bombing of North Vietnam, and gradual withdrawal. Second, he stunned America by announcing he would not run for re-election in 1968 “That bitch of a war- Vietnam - killed the lady I loved – the Great Society.”

35. Legacy of the Great Society Increased funding caused growing budget deficits. Disillusioned by the war in Vietnam. Haphazard implementation caused negative conservative backlash to the Great Society Programs. This created questions about government finances, as well as debates over the effectiveness of these programs and role of the federal government. The backlash spurred conservative Republicans like Ronald Reagan of California onto the national scene

36. 1968 After LBJ dropped out of the race the field exploded. “Hawks” Republican Richard M. Nixon and eventual Democratic candidate Vice-President Hubert Humphrey “Doves” Democrats Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy Third Party candidate and segregationist George Wallace

37. 1968 Antiwar protest erupt in Chicago outside the Democratic Convention. Democratic division over Vietnam helps Nixon to win the election. Mayor Dailey of Chicago turns the police

38. 1968 On April 4, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is killed by James Earle Ray at a Memphis hotel. Moments after giving a victory speech after winning the California Primary on June 5, 1968, RFK is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. Hundreds of RIOTS erupt across the U.S. in almost every city.

39. 1968Riots Hundreds of RIOTS erupt across the U.S. in almost every city after King and RFK are assassinated. Watts in Los Angles is the worst rioting as it had been in 1965. PARTICIPANTS WERE EXPRESSING ANGER OVER POLICE BRUTALITY AND THE POVERTY SUFFERED IN THE COMMUNITY WATTS, CA

40. Women’s Rights Betty Freidan’sThe Feminine Mystique launched what became known as “Second Wave Feminism.” National Organization of Women (NOW) Phyllis Schlafly led women on the New Right against Equal Rights Amendment. ERA failed in 1982 by three states.