PSYCHOLOGY

1. PSYCHOLOGY Read Orange Book Chapter 9 MEMORY

2. Memory • Peg-word system • this mnemonic system requires the memorization of a list of peg-words • One is a bun… • Two is a shoe… • Three is tree…

3. Memory • Visual imagery • visually seeing an association between words using vivid imagery, interaction with the images, and bizarreness

4. Memory • Method of loci • mentally placing items to be remembered around a familiar location, usually our own home or room, and then calling forth the image of the room when you need to remember information associated with the house or its rooms

5. Memory TH- EDO- GSA- WTH- ECA- T

6. Memory TH- EDO- GSA- WTH- ECA- T THE DOG SAW THE CAT

7. Memory IAMNOWHERE

8. Memory IAMNOWHERE I AM NOW HERE I AM NO WHERE

9. Memory 1492177617891812191419181939 194119451963196519752001

10. Memory 1492 1965 1776 1975 1789 2001 1812 1914 1918 1939 1941 1945 1963

11. Memory Chunking Pi 3.1415926535897932384

12. Memory • 1.) Memory • persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information • 2.) Flashbulb Memory • a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event- September 11th, 2001

13. Memory • Memory as Information Processing • similar to a computer • write to file • save to disk • read from disk • 3.) Encoding • the processing of information into the memory system • i.e., extracting meaning

14. Memory • 4.) Storage • the retention of encoded information over time • 5.) Retrieval • process of getting information out of memory

15. Memory • 6.) Sensory Memory • the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system • 7.) Working Memory • focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

16. Memory • 8.) Short-Term Memory • activated memory that holds a few items briefly • look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten • 9.) Long-Term Memory • the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

17. Encoding Effortful Automatic Encoding: Getting Information In

18. Encoding • 10.) Automatic Processing • unconscious encoding of incidental information • space • time • frequency • well-learned information • word meanings • we can learn automatic processing • reading backwards

19. Encoding • 11.) Effortful Processing • requires attention and conscious effort • 12.) Rehearsal • conscious repetition of information • to maintain it in consciousness • to encode it for storage

20. Encoding “The amount remembered depends on the amount of time that I spend learning”- Ebbinghaus

21. Encoding • Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables • TUV ZOF GEK WAV • the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 • 13.) Spacing Effect • distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice

22. Encoding: Serial Position Effect 14.) Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list 20 minute study sessions

23. What Do We Encode? • 15.) Semantic Encoding • encoding of meaning • including meaning of words • 16.) Acoustic Encoding • encoding of sound • especially sound of words • 17.) Visual Encoding • encoding of picture images

24. What Do We Encode? • Is the word in capital letters? • chair • Does the word rhyme with train? • brain • Would the word fit in this sentence? • elephant • The girl put the ________ on the table.

25. Encoding

26. Encoding • 18.) Imagery • mental pictures • a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding • 19.) Mnemonics • memory aids • especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

27. Encoding • 20.) Chunking • organizing items into familiar, manageable units • like horizontal organization--1776149218121941 • often occurs automatically • use of acronyms • HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior • ARITHMETIC--ARat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream

28. Encoding (automatic or effortful) Meaning (semantic Encoding) Imagery (visual Encoding) Organization Chunks Hierarchies Encoding • Hierarchies • complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

29. Storage:Retaining Information • 21.) Iconic Memory • a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli • a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second • 22.) Echoic Memory • momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

30. Storage:Short-Term Memory • 23.) Short-Term Memory • limited in duration and capacity • 18 to 30 seconds • “magical” number 7+/-2

31. Storage:Long-Term Memory Synaptic changes • when learning occurs more of the neurotransmitter serotonin is released at the synapses where learning is going on • these synapses then become more efficient at transmitting signals

32. Storage:Long-Term Memory • this increased synaptic efficiency makes for more neural circuits • By rapidly stimulating these memory-circuit connections, they become sensitive for hours or even weeks to come • This prolonged strengthening of potential neural firing is called long-term potentiation • 24.) Long-term Potentiation • increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

33. Storage:Long-Term Memory • Long-term Potentiation provides the neural basis for learning and remembering associations • This increased sensitivity at neural level when people are engaged in effortful processing of information leads to learning • Strong emotions and intentional effortful processing make for stronger memories • The implications of this knowledge may lead to memory boosting drugs, or “cognitive enhancers” • These drugs might be helpful for the millions of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

34. Storage:Long-Term Memory • 25.) Amnesia--the loss of memory • Retrograde amnesia- old memories • Anterograde amnesia- new memories • 26.) Explicit Memory • memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare • also called declarative memory • 27.) hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage • 28.) Implicit Memory • retention independent of conscious recollection • also called procedural memory

35. Hippocampus Storage:Long-Term Memory • MRI scan of hippocampus (in red) left hippocampus- verbal information right hippocampus- visual designs

36. Retrieval: Getting Information Out • 29.) Recall • measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier • as on a fill-in-the blank test • 30.) Recognition • Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned • as on a multiple-choice test

37. Retrieval • 31.) Relearning • memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time • 32.) Priming • activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

38. Retrieval Cues • 33.) Deja Vu (French)--already seen • cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience • "I've experienced this before." • 34.) Mood-congruent Memory • tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood • memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues • 35.) State-dependent Memory • what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state

39. Retrieval Cues • After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989).

40. Attention External events Sensory memory Short- term memory Long- term memory Encoding Encoding Encoding failure leads to forgetting Forgetting • Forgetting as encoding failure • Information never enters the long-term memory

41. Forgetting • Forgetting as encoding failure • Which penny is the real thing?

42. Percentage of list retained when relearning 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 Time in days since learning list Forgetting • Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time

43. 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage of original vocabulary retained Retention drops, then levels off 1 3 5 9½ 14½ 25 35½ 49½ Time in years after completion of Spanish course Forgetting • The forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school

44. Attention Encoding External events Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Encoding Retrieval Retrieval failure leads to forgetting Retrieval • Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory

45. Forgetting as Interference AP p.379, Reg p. 362 • Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information • 36.) Proactive Interference (forward acting) • disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information • 37.) Retroactive Interference (backwards acting) • disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

46. Forgetting as Interference

47. 90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Without interfering events, recall is better Percentage of syllables recalled After sleep After remaining awake 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hours elapsed after learning syllables Forgetting • Retroactive Interference

48. Forgetting • Forgetting can occur at any memory stage • As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it

49. Forgetting- Interference • 38.) Motivated Forgetting • people unknowingly revise memories • 39.) Repression • defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

50. Memory Construction • We filter information and fill in missing pieces • 40.) Misinformation Effect • incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event • 41.) Source Amnesia • attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)