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Animal Vaccines: Overview and Challenges

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Animal Vaccines: Overview and Challenges

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    1. Animal Vaccines: Overview and Challenges Muquarrab A. Qureshi, DVM, M.Sc., Ph.D. National Program Leader – Animal Genetics United States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Washington, DC Email: mqureshi@csrees.usda.gov Islamabad, Pakistan May 28-29, 2007

    2. Acknowledgements US-Pakistan Joint Committee on Science and Technology Government of Pakistan – NTP/VEPCON PARC/NARC/ASI Islamabad USDA – CSREES US Department of State

    3. Why make vaccines a priority Vaccines are likely the single most cost-effective public health intervention. It is unacceptable that hundreds of millions of the world’s people and domestic animals suffer from infectious diseases for which no vaccines exist, or for which the protection provided by current vaccines is insufficient or short-lived.

    4. As we turn into the 21st century, infectious diseases remain one of the most significant threats to our economy, our food animal production systems, animal welfare, and most importantly, the lives of people worldwide, regardless of their economic standing. Why make vaccines a priority

    5. Animal Health Challenges Need for highly efficacious vaccines that have been designed to CONTROL & ERADICATE biological agents that threaten agriculture and public health worldwide. Priorities are vaccines that can PREVENT the transmission of infectious diseases, PROVIDE BROAD CROSS-PROTECTION against different strains, and MARKED VACCINES that will enable the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).

    6. Vaccines: Knowledge-based approach Pathogen-immune evasion Innate Immunity Mucosal Immunity Immunogenetics Comparative Immunology Genomics

    7. Pathogen-immune evasion Mechanisms used by pathogens to evade the immune system, their impact on vaccine efficacy, and how they might be COUNTERACTED through rational vaccine design.

    8. Innate Immunity Define mechanisms of innate immunity. Influence on acquired immunity, disease control and how various vaccine platforms could take advantage of innate immunity to improve potency.

    10. Mucosal Immunity Early events relative to disease resistance. Many infectious diseases enter through respiratory and gastrointestinal tissues and infect mucosal surfaces. What drives immune responses to infection/invasion of the host at mucosal surfaces.

    11. Immunogenetics Predictive MHC-epitope binding leading to effective CMI responses – enable the rational design of highly efficacious molecular vaccines. Population genetics approaches for selection of resistance vs. susceptible line selections – recent advances enable SNP-based selection.

    12. Comparative Immunology Estimates: 70-80 % of new emerging diseases are ZOONOTIC (diseases people catch from animals). Species differences in immune response “species gap” in which vaccine technologies that are highly efficacious in animal models are much less efficacious in humans.

    13. Genomics Human and Animal genome sequences enable the study of genetics of vaccine efficacy, i.e., good vaccine responders or poor responders. Decipher host-pathogens interactions at the molecular level and design highly efficacious and safe vaccines designed to match an individual vaccinee’s genotype.

    14. Our Challenge – Questions?? What is Pakistan’s capacity of livestock and poultry vaccine production? Infrastructure ? Epidemiological-based priorities? Vaccine Strains? Vaccination Strategies? Quality and Regulatory controls?

    15. Our Challenge – Questions?? Public and Private Sector Collaboration and role? Global relevance? Standard?

    16. FORMAT – Breakout Sessions Identify need-based vaccine priority Cattle/buffalo disease, Poultry, sheep/goat, etc, etc. Assess capacity For ~53 million cattle we only produce 1 million doses of FMD vaccine. Identify gaps Funds? Infrastructure? Manpower? Commitment? Morale? Identify measures to fill the gaps ???????

    17. BIGGER QUESTION Should the Government be in the business of vaccine production? OR The Government's role should be R&D and Regulatory/Policy oversight?

    18. Projected Outcomes A report that identifies for each field of investigation: GAPS that need to be addressed STEPS that MUST be taken to address those gaps Let us be realistic and transparent

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