The Respiratory System

1. Chapter 15 The Respiratory System

2. Functions of the Respiratory System • Providing a large area for gas exchange • Moving air to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs • Preventing dehydration, temperature change, and pathogens • Producing vocal noise • Providing olfactory sensations to the CNS for the sense of smell

3. Organization of the Respiratory System • The Respiratory Tract • Nose • Pharynx (throat) • Larynx (voice box) • Trachea (windpipe) • Bronchi • Bronchioles (conducting passageways) • Alveolar ducts and alveoli (gas exchanges surfaces) • Respiratory membrane • Lungs • Pleural cavities

4. The Respiratory Tract 2 Portions • Conducting • Respiratory

5. The Nose (484) • Open areas • External nares (NAH-rayz) • What is “nose” in Spanish? • Naríz (nah-REESE) • Nasal cavity • Nasal vestibule • Internal nares • Surfaces • Hard palate • Soft palate • Note: most of the respiratory epithelium is ciliated and produces mucus that traps particles (Figure 15-3)

6. Pharynx • Naso-pharynx (nasal) • Oro-pharynx (oral) • Laryngo-pharynx (larynx)

7. Larynx • Consists of: 9 cartilages • Stabilized by • Ligaments • Skeletal muscles • Or both 3 largest cartilages • Epiglottis • Above glottis • Thyroid cartilage • Prominent ridge on the anterior surface is the “Adam’s Apple” • Cricoid cartilage 6: 3 pairs of smaller cartilages • Arytenoid • Corniculate • Cuneiform (like cuneiform tables)

8. Trachea • Tracheal cartilages

9. Bronchi • Right, left primary bronchi • Bronchial tree • Second bronchi • Tertiary bronchi

10. Bronchioles • Bronchodilation • Bronchoconstriction • Asthma • lobule

11. Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli • Alveolar ducts • Alveolar sacs • Alveolar macrophage • Septal cells • Surfactant • Respiratory distress syndrome

12. Respiratory Membrane • The squamous alveolar epithelium • The endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary • The fused basement membranes that lie between the alveolar and endothelial cells

13. Lungs • Lobes • Superior • Middle • Inferior • Cardiac notch • Apex

14. Pleural Cavities • Pleura • Parietal • Visceral • Pneumonia • Pneumo-throrax • Hemo-thorax

15. Respiratory Physiology • 3 steps: • Pulmonary Ventilation breathing • Breath is a respiratory cycle • Inhalation inspiration • Exhalation expiration • Respiratory rate • Gas exchange  diffusion @ 2 sites • Gas transport  O2 and CO2 • Hyp-oxialow oxygen • An-oxiano oxygen

16. Respiratory Physiology • 3 steps: • Pulmonary Ventilation breathing • Breath is a respiratory cycle • Inhalation inspiration • Exhalation expiration • Respiratory rate • Tidal volume • Amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a breath • Briefly read “Lung Volumes and Capacities” (pg. 496-7) in order to know how to answer questions about the different types of capacities and volumes.

17. Respiratory Physiology • 3 steps: 2. Gas exchange  diffusion @ 2 sites • Depends on : • Partial Pressures of the gases • Diffusion of molecules between a gas and a liquid • What is diffusion? • Make a quick graph of table 15-1 (page 498) • What is the anatomic dead space of the lungs? • 150 mL of inhaled air • 30% of tidal volume • Conducting passageways • 2 categories of respiration • Internal • External

18. Hemoglobin – iron in the blood heme a close up of Fe hemoglobin heme b

19. Respiratory Physiology • 3 steps: 3. Gas transport  O2 and CO2 • RBCs help regulate the amount of O2 and CO2 in the plasma, which is always in flux. • 1.5% of O2 content of arterial blood has dissolved O2 in solution (remember that 55% of blood is plasma…); the rest are bound to hemoglobin molecules (Hb) in RBCs. • CO2 Transport is 3 steps