Relationships in Nature

1. Relationships in Nature

2. What is symbiosis? Two organisms that live together Temporarily or for a longer time At least one of the organisms benefits from the relationship

3. What are the different kinds of symbiosis? Mutualism Commensalism both organisms benefit one organism benefits one organism benefits Parasitism one organism is unaffected one organism is harmed

4. Parasitism • Causes harm to host • The parasite benefits, the host is harmed or in some cases killed.

5. Commensalism • Only one member benefits • sharing space, defense, shelter, food • Neither will die if relationship is ended • Shrimp & sea cucumber The Shrimp hitch a ride on the large sea cucumbers. The shrimpsget transported through a large area of potential food by their host with only a minimal expenditure of energy on their part. They can be observed getting off their host cucumber to feed in productive areas, and back on for a ride to the next spot! http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

6. Mutualism • Both organisms derive mutual benefit • Neither can survive without the other • Tickbirds and rhinos

7. Zombie Caterpillars -Slave Bodyguard • Wasp lays its eggs in the body of a caterpillar. • This is a three layered parasitic infection. • The wasps disable the caterpillar’s immune system, allowing the wasp eggs to survive. • The eggs hatch and feed on the caterpillar, but do not kill it. Instead, the caterpillar stops developing and spends the rest of its life protecting the wasp larva, even going as far as spinning its own cocoon around the wasp pupae. • When the adult wasp emerges from its cocoon, the zombie caterpillar finally tastes the sweet release of death.

8. Cattle with cattle egrets Cattle stir up insects as they eat grassEgrets hang around and eat insects

9. Honey Bee & the Dandelion • Honey bee • gets to eat the pollen from the flower. • Dandelion • uses the bee to spread its pollen to another flower

10. Clown fish with anemone Clown fish gets protection Anemone is unaffected

11. Buffalo & Oxpecker • Buffalo • Lets the bird eat • Oxpecker • Eats ticks and other parasites off skin • Warns buffalo of danger http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/enemies/partners.html

12. Antelope with Oxbird Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a meal

13. Hermit Crab & Sea Anemone • Hermit crab • Gets leftover food • Sea anemone • protects the crab http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

14. Fish and a Leech?

15. Cactus Wren & Cholla Cactus • Cactus wren • builds its nest in a cholla cactus to protect its young from predators such as raven. There is no harm to the cactus.

16. Moray Eel with Cleaner Shrimp Zebra Moray Eel gets a clean mouth Cleaner Shrimp gets a meal

17. Shark and Remora Fish • Shark • Lets the fish eat • Remora Fish • Eats parasites • Gets the shark’s leftovers

18. Crocodile & Bird • Nile crocodile • Usually eats animals • Allows bird to walk around its mouth • Crocodile bird • Cleans parasites in croc’s teeth • Removes and eats scraps of food • Eats harmful leeches and parasites