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LHCf and the connection with Cosmic Ray Physics

Learn about LHCf, an experiment at LHC focusing on High Energy Cosmic Ray Physics, its detectors and significance in calibrating hadronic interaction models for atmospheric showers.

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LHCf and the connection with Cosmic Ray Physics

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  1. LHCf and the connection with Cosmic Ray Physics Oscar Adriani Università degli Studi di Firenze INFN Sezione di Firenze

  2. The LHCf Collaboration CERN D.Macina, A.L. Perrot USA LBNL Berkeley: W. Turner FRANCE Ecole Politechnique Paris: M. Haguenauer SPAIN IFIC Valencia: A.Fauss, J.Velasco JAPAN: STE Laboratory Nagoya University: Y.Itow, T.Mase, K.Masuda, Y. Matsubara,H.Matsumoto, G.Mitsuka, Y.Muraki,T.Sako,K.Taki,H. Watanabe Shibaura University Saitama: K.Kasahara Kanagawa University Yokohama: T.Tamura, K.Tanaka Waseda University: Y.Shimizu, S.Torii ITALY Firenze University and INFN: O.Adriani, L.Bonechi, M.Bongi, G.Castellini, R.D’Alessandro, H.Menjo, P.Papini Catania University and INFN: K.Noda, A.Tricomi Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  3. What is LHCf? The Detectors Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  4. LHCf: an Astroparticle Experiment at LHC • LHCf is the smallest of the six LHC experiments and is a fully dedicated collider experiment for HECR Physics • LHCf will use the highest energy particle accelerator to provide useful data to calibrate the hadronic interaction models used in Monte Carlo simulations of atmospheric showers 7TeV+ 7 TeV proton collisions at LHC correspond to ELAB = 1017eV Two independent electromagnetic calorimeters equipped with position sensitive layers, on both sides of IP1 will measure energy and position of g from p0 decays and neutrons produced in pp interaction at LHC Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  5. Experimental set-up Detector II Tungsten Scintillator Silicon mstrips Detector I Tungsten Scintillator Scintillating fibers INTERACTION POINT IP1 (ATLAS) Protons Charged particles Neutral particles 140 m 140 m Beam pipe Detectors installed in the TAN region, 140 m away from the Interaction Point 1 • Here the beam pipe splits in 2 separate tubes. • Charged particle are swept away by magnets • We cover up to y Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  6. 2 towers 24 cm long stacked vertically with a 5 mm gap Lower: 2 cm x 2 cm area Upper: 4 cm x 4 cm area 4 pairs of scintillating fiber layers for tracking purpose (6, 10, 32, 38 X0.) Absorber 22 tungsten layers 7mm – 14 mm thick (W: X0 = 3.5mm, RM = 9mm) Arm1 16 scintillator layers (3 mm thick) Trigger and energy profile measurements Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  7. Arm2 2 towers 24 cm long stacked on their edges and offset from one another Lower: 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm Upper: 3.2 cm x 3.2 cm 4 pairs of silicon microstrip layers (6, 10, 30, 42 X0) for tracking purpose (X and Y directions) Absorber 22 tungsten layers 7mm – 14 mm thick (W: X0 = 3.5mm, RM = 9mm) 16 scintillator layers (3 mm thick) Trigger and energy profile measurements Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  8. Double ARM Detectors 290mm Arm#2 Detector Arm#1 Detector 90mm Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  9. LHCf detectors in the LHC tunnel Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  10. Why LHCf? Physics Motivations Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  11. Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays • Experimental observations: at E>100 TeV only EAS • (shower of secondary particles) • lateral distribution • longitudinal distribution • particle type • arrival direction Extensive Air Showers Air shower development (particle interaction in the atmosphere) • Astrophysical parameters: • (primary particles) • spectrum • composition • source distribution • origin and propagation Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  12. AGASA Systematics Total ±18% Hadron interaction (QGSJET, SIBYLL) ~10% (Takeda et al., 2003) Cosmic Ray Energy Spectra M Nagano New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) 065012 Difference in the energy scale between different experiments??? Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  13. Auger Xmax measurements favours heavier composition as the energy increases Unger, ECRS 2008 The depth of the maximum of the shower Xmax in the atmosphere depends on energy and type of the primary particle Different hadronic interaction models give different answers about the composition of HECR PROTON IRON LHC HECR composition 1018 1019 1020 eV Alessia Tricomi University and INFN Catania Anisotropy would favour proton primaries (AGN correlation still valid?) Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  14. Development of atmospheric showers Cosmic ray spectrum Tevatron LHC A 100 PeV fixed-target interaction with air has the cm energy of a pp collision at the LHC AUGER Determination of E and mass of cosmic rays depends on description of primary UHE interaction Hadronic MC’s need tuning with data The dominant contribution to the energy flux is in the very forward region ( 0) In this forward region the highest energy available measurements of p0 cross section done by UA7 (E=1014eV, y= 5÷7) LHCf: use LHC √s = 14 TeVElab=1017eV to calibrate MCs AlessiaTricomi University and INFN Catania Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  15. How LHCf can calibrate MC? Physics Perfomances Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  16. LHCf: acceptance on PTg-Eg plane 140 Beam crossing angle Detectable events A vertical beam crossing angle > 0 will increase the acceptance of LHCf EPS 09, Krakow 16-22 July 2009 Alessia Tricomi University and INFN Catania Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  17. LHCf single g geometrical acceptance Some runs with LHCf vertically shifted few cm will allow to cover the whole kinematical range Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  18. Energy resolution for e/g (Test Beam) 5% 5% For 20mm For 40mm Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  19. ARM2 Position Resolution (Test beam) 200 GeV electrons Number of event σy=64 mm σx=40 mm Number of event y-pos[mm] x-pos[mm] Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  20. LHCf : Monte Carlo discrimination 106 generated LHC interactions  1 minute exposure@1029 cm-2s-1 luminosity Discrimination between various models is feasible Quantitative discrimination with the help of a properly defined c2 discriminating variable based on the spectrum shape 14 TeV c.m.energy 5% Energy resolution Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  21. LHCf: model dependence of neutron energy distribution Original n energy 30% energy resolution 14 TeV c.m. energy Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  22. g and n spectra at different energies 20 min @ 1029 cm-2s-1 1 min @ 1029 cm-2s-1 1 min @ 1029 cm-2s-1 450 GeV 1 TeV 5 TeV g g g 20 min @ 1029 cm-2s-1 1 min @ 1029 cm-2s-1 1 min @ 1029 cm-2s-1 5 TeV 450 GeV 1 TeV n n n DPMJET3 QGSJET2 QGSJET1 SIBYLL No detector resolution taken into account Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  23. p0 spectra 10mm Lower Gamma2 E2 Gamma1 E1 Emin~ 700GeV Geometrical Acceptance Peak : 134MeV Sigma: 4.9MeV Cut: 125-145MeV p0 produced at collision can be extracted by using gamma pair events Powerful tool to calibrate the energy scale and also to eliminate beam-gas BG Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  24. A different point of view…..The advantage of being forward! Multiplicity@14TeV Energy Flux @14TeV DPMJET3 DPMJET3 Low multiplicity !! High energy flux !! Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  25. When LHCf? NOW!!!!!!!!!!! Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  26. LHCf Operations in 2009 With stable beams at 900GeV, 06 Dec. – 15 Dec 2.6 hours for commissioning 27.7 hours for physics ~5x105 collisions at IP1 ~2,800 shower events in Arm1 ~3,700 shower events in Arm2 Expected spectra for different hadron interaction model Gamma-ray like @ Arm2 Hadron like @ Arm2 with 107 col. Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  27. Arm2 g event Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  28. MC (QGSJET2) Data Preliminary Particle Identification A transition curve for Gamma-ray A transition curve for Hadron Thin for hadronic interaction(1.7l) Thick for E.M.interaction (44X0) Definitionof L90% L90% @ 20mm cal. of Arm1 Gamma-ray like Gamma-rays: L90%<16 r.l. + 0.002 x SdE Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  29. Hit map of Gamma-rays shadow of beam pipes Results at 900GeV Arm1 Background due to beam-residual gas collision is about 10% Red: colliding bunch= collision + BG Blue: single bunch = BG only Arm2 Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  30. Comparison between calorimeter towers of Arm2 Comparison of spectra Gamma-ray like Hadron like Spatially flat profile in h>8.7 at 900GeV Comparison between two Arms Both detectors give consistent spectra Preliminary Preliminary Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  31. Comparison with MC @ Arm1 MC(QGSJET2) Data Sys.+Sta. Hadron response under study Spectra of MC are normalized by the entries of gamma-ray spectra Data is in good agreement with QGSJET2 MC • Checking detector response for hadrons carefully by beam test data with 150GeV, 350GeV protons. • Studying systematic errors. for the moment. Sys. of Energy scale (+11% /-5%) Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  32. Comparison with MC @ Arm2 Hadron response under study Adding May 900GeV runs, 100K showers now (Dec09 x15) ! Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  33. LHCf 2010 runs • Successful data taking at 7TeV collisions is ongoing. • Integrated Luminosity ~ 10.0 nb-1 up to May 26, 2010 • ~120M showers and 400K p0s obtained ( arm1+arm2 ). • Detector shows good performance with stable quality. • Energy scale calibration with the p0 peak. • Good stability < ±1% level. Yet no radiation problem. Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  34. Statistics up to 26 May 2010 Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  35. Arm1 7 TeV collisions 1 TeV gamma-ray shower @ Arm2 Transition curve in towers Particle Hit maps X-view of silicon strip Arm2 Y-view of silicon strip Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  36. Arm2 event display p0 at 7 TeV Silicon layers 25 mm tower 32 mm tower Scintillator layers • Robust sample • Good energy calibrator Tower 32mm 25mm Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  37. Please note the very high energy!!!! p0 mass and energy spectrum (Arm1) DM/M=6.7MeV/135MeV=5.0% Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  38. p0 mass and energy spectrum (Arm) DM/M=3.1MeV/135MeV=2.3% Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  39. Quick look at 7TeV collisions (Arm2) Colliding bunch Non-colliding bunch High statistics !! Only <1% of total data are used Very clean data!! BKG due to beam-gas collisions is ~ 1% Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  40. Detector gain stability in Apr 2010 7TeV run Laser gain calibration for scintillator layers ±2% ±1% level stability ! 01/04 15/04 ±2% p0 mass peak 0.045Gy cumulative dose Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  41. Which is the future of LHCf? Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  42. Plan for coming months Typical unit 10K p0 w/ ~1nb-1 • Nominal data taking at 7TeV • Vertically shift Arm1&Arm2 • Few runs for checking systematics with a few different configuration (HV, trig threshold, etc..) • High statistic with 1 or 2 settings (for h meson, etc. ) • Possible beam crossing angle run (140mrad) at 7 TeV • Enhance rapidity coverage; h >8.7 g h>8.4 • Important to check flux center moving downward w.r.t. crossing angle • Finally, LHCf de-installation • When luminosity becomes too high ( >1031cm-2s-1, or 2pb-1) Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  43. Study of h in a high statistics sample • Next milestone: h meson • h/p0 ratio or h production spectra vary a lot among different interaction models. A good handle to probe the models, though irrelevant to air shower development. • Another calibration point for more robust energy scale • Typical h/p0 =10-3~10-4 at 7TeV. Good to collect ~1M p0 (~100nb-1) • Strangeness production (K0, L) is under study QGSJET2 h Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  44. Crossing angle for LHCf 7 TeV run Shown in 99th LHCC, Sep2009 Distance from neutral center Aperture of Beam pipe 3.5+3.5TeV All g from IP a=140mrad 2cm No crossing With 140mrad crossing angle, neutral flux center is lowered by 2cm. Rapidity coverage: >8.7 g >8.4. • w/o crossing : 30%acc. @Xf = 0.22 • w 140mrad : 50%acc. @Xf = 0.22 • A crossing angle during LHCf run is very helpful for physics! • LHCf can measure crossing angle by fitting shower center (DY~ 1mm for 100sec@L=1029gDa~7mrad) Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  45. LHCf removal and toward the phase-2 • When luminosity become too high (>1031 cm-2s-1, 2 pb-1), LHCf will go out from the TAN (Radiation damage at plastc scinitillator ~1kGy@2pb-1 for 20% degradation) • De-installation work should be quickly done during monthly Technical Stop. • Not earlier than the next Technical Stop Mid July • After removal, beam calibration again by a SPS test beam. • Revisit LHC at the next energy upgrade with rad-hard detector Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  46. 1mm thick 20mm A new GSO scintillator layer 20mm Improve the radiation resistance of LHCf Basic idea: • Replace the plastic scintillator with more RadHard scintillators • GSO • Rearrange the order of silicon sensors to improve the silicon energy measurement • Cross check for scintillator measurement • Go back in the 20xx for 7+7 TeV run Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  47. Summary • LHCf has started physics program very successfully. • 100K showers at 900GeV • 60M showers and 200K p0 at 7TeV • Detectors work beautifully without any serious trouble. • Very clean! Negligible beam-gas background • The p0 peak demonstrates good performance as expected. • As luminosity is growing up, high stat run and other optional runs are under discussion • High stat run for h mesons • Crossing angle commission f important step to “phase-2” • Rapid progress in analysis. Almost ready to publish physics ! • 900GeV results (2009&2010) and 7TeV results Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  48. Backup slides Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  49. Arm1 Arm2 Coincidence FC LHCf-CAL ZDC ZDC ZDC BRAN-Sci BRAN-IC Beam pipe Neutral particles TAN Gaussian fit FrontCounter as a good luminosity monitor Stay all the time • FC is working very well for luminosity monitoring (Very useful monitor for the machine) • Continuous monitoring w/ independent DAQ now available. See Page1 “LHCf experiment” • Conversion to “luminosity” from FC rate is now under study by MC Page1 LHCf page lumiscan Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

  50. Results on radiation damage The dose approximately scale as E3 Oscar Adriani Forward Physics at LHC La Biodola, 28/05/10

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