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Explore the fundamentals of energy, metabolism, and enzymatic reactions in living organisms. Learn about redox reactions, thermodynamics, ATP, enzymes, and factors influencing enzyme function. Understand the importance of biochemical pathways and feedback inhibition.
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Energy and Metabolism Chapter 6
Energy • The capacity to do work • Potential vs Kinetic
How is it measured? • Heat • Calorie • Joule = 0.239 Calories • Most energy is provided by the sun
Oxidation-reduction reactions • AKA redox • OilRig
Thermodynamics • Energy changes • First Law of Thermodynamics • Second Law of Thermodynamics • How does this apply to humans?
Free Energy • The energy Available to do work • Delta G= Delta H- TDelta S • H= enthalpy which is the energy contained in the chemical bonds of a substance • T= temperature kelvin • S= entropy or the energy unavailable due to disorder
Endergonic vs Exergonic • If Positive Delta G then the reaction is endergonic • If Negative Delta G then the reaction is evergonic
Activation Energy • Spontaneous Chemical Reactions Require activation energy • Catalysts
You down with ATP???? • The energy currency of cells • Hydrolysis drives endergonic reactions • ATP cycles continously
Enzymes • Biological Catalysts • Ligand vs Substrate • Active Sites • Are they all proteins?
MultiEnzyme Complex • Sounds familiar…. • 3 advantages • Increases the frequency with which the enzyme collides with the substrate • Eliminates the possibility of unwanted reactions • All reactions take place within the complex can be controlled as a unit
Factors Affecting Enzyme Function • Temperature • pH • Inhibitors and Activators • Allosteric Site • Cofactors
Cofactors and Conenzymes • Assists enzyme function • Cofactors are usually metal ions • Coenzyme- a nonprotein organic molecule- can serve as an electron acceptor in a redox reaction
Metabolism • Anabolic- use energy • Catabolic- need energy • Biochemical Pathways • Evolution of BP’s
Feedback Inhibition • Regulates Biochemical Pathways • Why Important?