“The government of democracy brings the notion of political rights to the level of the humblest citizens, just as

1. Jacksonian Democracy Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America “The government of democracy brings the notion of political rights to the level of the humblest citizens, just as the dissemination of wealth brings the notion of property within the reach of all the members of the community.”

2. Jacksonian Democracy The greatest danger facing our nation is privilege. Society should have the goal of eliminating the powerful elites and make opportunity more widely available.

3. Jacksonian Democracy Egalitarians? No

4. Jacksonian Democracy I accepted the necessity of economic inequality and social gradation. But I did believe that people can rise to prominence on the basis of their own talents and energies. The goal of people in public life was to ensure that others like themselves would have the opportunity to do the same.

5. Jacksonian Democracy Jackson’s inauguration was the reign of King Mob. J. Story

6. Jacksonian Democracy Ohio—first voting changes: white male property owners or taxpayers Massachusetts— led by Daniel Webster, remained conservative

7. Jacksonian Democracy Rhode Island (1842) Thomas Wilson Dorr Liberal constitution—liked by people Governor Samuel W. King opposed Dorr’s Rebellion Led to new constitution Expanded suffrage U. S. Election: 1824: <27% white males voted 1828: 58%; 1840: 80%

8. Jacksonian Democracy Higher voter participation First in New York Martin van Buren: dissident faction: Bucktails or the Albany Regency

9. Jacksonian Democracy Simple theory of democracy Equal protection and equal benefits Extended opportunities to rising classes of West & South at expense of East Slavery & brutality toward N. A. Only keeping these dangerous elements from the body politic could white, male democracy be preserved. Target: entrenched office-holders in federal government

10. Jacksonian Democracy The Spoils System To the victor belong the spoils. Jackson removed less than 20% bureaucrats, But, he helped create The system where elected officials appoint Their own followers to public office

11. Jacksonian Democracy How did my supporters change the process by which presidential candidates won their party’s nominations? National party convention—re-nominated Jackson in 1832 (power rising directly from the people, not from aristocratic political institutions)

12. Jacksonian Democracy The Limited Nature of Democratic Reform The spoils system and the political convention did serve to limit the power of two entrenched elites: permanent officeholders and the exclusive party caucus. But, neither really transferred power to the people. Appointments: to prominent political allies Delegates: members of local party organizations Political opportunity was expanding, but much less so than Jacksonian rhetoric suggested

13. Jacksonian Democracy • Leader in Senate • Secretary of War under • President Monroe • Vice President under • President J. Q. Adams and • Jackson Consummate Politician

14. Jacksonian Democracy Tariff of Abominations Theory of Nullification Federal Government was a creation of the states, therefore the states, not Congress or the federal courts, were the final arbiters of federal laws Therefore, if a state believed that Congress had passed an unconstitutional law, it could hold a special convention and declare that law null and void within the state

15. Jacksonian Democracy Martin van Buren Governor of New York in 1828 1829: Secretary of State Member of both the official cabinet and the “Kitchen Cabinet”

16. Jacksonian Democracy The Eaton Affair Further diminished Calhoun’s position while enhancing that of Van Buren—ended Calhoun’s dreams of becoming president

17. Jacksonian Democracy Nullification is TREASON! No state can defy the federal government alone. I’ll send in the Army to enforce the tariff and I’ll have Calhoun hung!!! As a senator from Kentucky, I, Henry Clay, supported the force bill (use of military) and brokered a compromise that gradually lowered the tariff so in 1842 it would be at the same level as in 1816.

18. Jacksonian Democracy The Black Hawk War

19. Jacksonian Democracy The five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw

20. Jacksonian Democracy Indian Removal Act of 1830 Money to finance federal negotiations with the southern tribes—try to relocate to West Jackson dispatched federal troops Marshall: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) partially vindicated the tribe John Marshall has made his decision. Let him now enforce it.

21. Jacksonian Democracy Trail of Tears

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23. Jacksonian Democracy The Indian Intercourse Act of 1834

24. Jacksonian Democracy Second Bank of the United States Most powerful financial institution Only place the federal government could deposit funds Federal government owned 20% of stock and did tremendous business in general banking. It provided credit to growing enterprises and issued bank notes

25. Jacksonian Democracy Hard Money vs. Soft Money Soft Money: more currency in circulation Issuing banknotes unsupported by gold or silver was the best way to circulate more currency Objected to Bank of the United States because it restrained state banks from issuing notes freely Wanted rapid expansion

26. Jacksonian Democracy Hard Money vs. Soft Money Hard Money: Gold & silver only currency basis Condemned all banks that issued bank notes Conservative approach to expansion I was a hard money advocate because a business I owned failed as a result of the Panic of 1797. I was therefore suspicious of banks and paper currency.

27. Jacksonian Democracy Nicholas Biddle President of the Bank of the United States Put bank on a sound and prosperous basis Granted financial favors to influential men (Webster and Clay) 1832: asked Congress to renew bank’s charter 4 years Early (campaign issue)

28. Jacksonian Democracy Election of 1832

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31. Jacksonian Democracy Roger B. Taney Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) The object of government was to promote the general happiness, an object that took precedence over the rights of contract and property. A state, therefore, had the right to amend or abrogate a contract if such action was necessary to advance community well-being. Furthered Jacksonian ideal

32. Jacksonian Democracy Whigs Democrats

33. Jacksonian Democracy The Whig Party and the Great Triumvirate H. Clay D. Webster J. Calhoun

34. Jacksonian Democracy The Panic of 1837

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36. Jacksonian Democracy Log Cabin Campaign Harrison Tyler Van Buren No VP Cand Whig Democrat Harrison: portrayed as a man of the people, simple, who loved log cabins and hard cider; really was an elite Whigs portrayed Van Buren: aloof aristocrat

37. Jacksonian Democracy Penny Press—the first modern election Election of 1840

38. Jacksonian Democracy John Tyler as President Former Democrat who had left the party in reaction to Jackson Governed as a Democrat Abolished Van Buren’s independent treasury Refused to support Clay’s attempt to re-charter the Bank of the United States All cabinet but Webster resigned. Later when Webster resigned, replaced with Calhoun

39. America's Economic Revolution U. S. Population 1790 4 Million 1820 10 Million 1830 13 Million 1840 17 Million

40. America's Economic Revolution New York City and East River, 1848 Superior natural harbor Erie Canal Liberal state laws that made the city attractive for both foreign and domestic commerce

41. America's Economic Revolution Detroit Milwaukee Pittsburgh Chicago Buffalo Cleveland Cincinnati Louisville St. Louis

42. America's Economic Revolution Mulberry Street, New York City

43. America's Economic Revolution Immigration, 1820-1840

44. America's Economic Revolution Nativism and the Know-Nothings Many employers welcomed immigrants: large supply of cheap labor Leaders in western states/ territories felt immigrants would increase population Nativism: defense of native- born (white) people and a hostility to the foreign-born; Native American Party Citizen No Nothing

45. America's Economic Revolution The Canal System—Erie Canal

46. America's Economic Revolution Canal with tow path—horses walked along tow path, towing the boat 4 horses could haul 1 ½ tons 18 miles a day on turnpike Same 4 horses: 100 tons 24 miles a day

47. America's Economic Revolution The Erie Canal

48. America's Economic Revolution Erie Canal

49. America's Economic Revolution 1840: 2,818 miles of track in the U. S. 1850: 9,021 miles of track in the U. S. Most in the Northeast

50. America's Economic Revolution Chicago, Illinois: Rail center of the West Railroads: Lessened dependence of West on Mississippi River Helped further weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South