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The Brain

The Brain. Adrian Adofina Ivette Rodriguez Daniel Arriola Evan Robles. Introduction. Part of the central nervous system (CNS) along with spinal cord General Functions Localizes parts of everyday activity Nerves Sensory and motor Seat of intelligence Interprets the senses

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain Adrian Adofina Ivette Rodriguez Daniel Arriola Evan Robles

  2. Introduction • Part of the central nervous system (CNS) along with spinal cord • General Functions • Localizes parts of everyday activity • Nerves • Sensory and motor • Seat of intelligence • Interprets the senses • Controls behavior • Initiates body movements

  3. Forebrain (Prosencephalon) • Functions: • Receives & processes sensory info • Controls motor and autonomic functions • Perception • Later divides into 2 portions: • Telencephalon (anterior) • Cerebrum • Basal ganglia • Diencephalon (posterior) • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Posterior pituitary gland • Pineal gland • ***Limbic system and cerebral cortex

  4. Midbrain (mesencephalon): • Functions • Auditory & visual responses • Motor functions • Produces cerebral aqueduct space • Portion of the brain stem that connects the hindbrain to the forebrain

  5. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon): • Inferior portion of brainstem • Gives rise to the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata • Develops into: • Metencephalon- • Movement coordination • Balance and equilibrium • Myelencephalon- • Breathing • Heart rate • Digestion

  6. Ventricles of the Brain • Communicating network of the 5 persisting cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Located within the brain parenchyma (functional tissue) • Includes • Lateral ventricles (2) • Third Ventricle • Cerebral aqueduct • Fourth ventricle • Choroid plexuses • Located in ventricles • Produces CSF

  7. Meninges of the Brain • Composed of connective tissue • Support blood vessels and contain cerebrospinal fluid • Protect cranial nerves and spinal cord • Enclose the brain • Three layers: • Dura mater • Periosteal • Meningeal • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater

  8. Meninges: Top Layer Duramater: • Located beneath bone tissue • Tough and inflexible • Opens into sinus cavities around skull • ***particularly the dural sinus veins • Collects liquids such as CSF and blood • Houses many meningeal veins • Forms various structures that separate the cranial cavity into compartments and protect the brain from displacement • 2 layers: • Outer periosteal • Inner meningeal

  9. Meninges: Middle Layer • -Arachnoid mater: • -Projects into sinuses formed by dura mater in some areas • -Projections called arachnoid granulation/arachnoid villi • -Transfers cerebrospinal fluid from ventricles back into bloodstream • -Subarachnoid space • -Lies between arachnoid and pia mater • -Filled with cerebrospinal fluid • -Blood vessels and cranial nerves pass through this space • Name refers to spider web-like structure of the blood vessels of the space

  10. Meninges: Bottom Layer • -Pia mater: • -Tissue adheres closely to the brain • -Fuses with ependyma* • -*membranous lining of the ventricles to form choroid plexes, which develop CSF

  11. Cerebral Cortex Lobes: • Frontal: • Receives info from other lobes of the brain and applies it to carry out body movements • Reasoning, planning, parts of speech, emotions and problem solving • Parietal: • Processes sensory info such as pressure, touch, and pain (perception) • Recognition and orientation • Temporal: • Primary auditory cortex • Hippocampus (memories) • Speech and auditory stimuli • Occipital: • Interprets visual stimuli and info • Primary visual complex • *Insula: • Correlated with instinctive functions • Merges autonomic info • Located beneath the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

  12. Cerebrum (Diagram)

  13. Brain Stem • Attaches the brain to the spinal cord • Comprised of: • Cerebellum • Pons • Medulla Oblongata

  14. Cerebellum • Large mass of tissue located bellow the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem • Includes two lateral hemispheres connected by the vermis Functions: • Communicates with other parts of the CNS by nerve tracts • Inferior peduncles • Middle peduncles • Superior peduncles • Integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts • Coordinates muscle activities

  15. Pons • Bulge on the underside of the brainstem • Contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers • Relays nerve impulses to and from the medulla oblongata and cerebrum • Helps regulate rate and depth of breathing • Several nuclei of the pons relay sensory impulses from the cerebrum to centers within the cerebellum

  16. Medulla Oblongata • Location: inferior to pons and anterior to cerebellum • Function: • control of many body functions including: • Automatic functions • breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel functions, swallowing and sneezing • Relay of nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord • Coordination of body movements, posture, and balance

  17. Cranial Nerves • I. Olfactory: smell • II. Optic: vision • III. Oculomotor: eyelid & eyeball movement • IV. Trochlear: supplies nerves to superior oblique, turns eye laterally and downward • V. Trigeminal: chewing, face & mouth, touch and pain • VI. Abducens: turns eye laterally • VII. Facial: most facial expressions, secretion of tears and saliva, taste • VIII. Vestibulocochlear (Auditory): hearing, equilibrium sensation • IX. Glossopharyngeal: taste, senses carotid blood pressure sense • X. Vagus: senses aortic blood pressure, heart rate (slows down), stimulation of digestive • XI. SpinalAccessory: trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and swallowing • XII. Hypoglossal: tongue movements

  18. Cranial Nerves (Diagram)

  19. Limbic System • The group of connected structures within the brain regulate emotion and memory • Consists of the following: • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Cingulate gyrus • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Basal Ganglia

  20. Thalamus • A. Strongly involved in delivering significant amounts of information between the cortex and brain stem and within different cortical structures • B. Because of this role in cortical communication, the thalamus contributes to many different measures in the brain • Perception, attention, timing, movement, alertness, and awareness

  21. Hypothalamus • Takes care of behavioral and physical activities • Independent functions it controls are hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual activity • Fuses information from the many different parts of the brain • Reactive to a collection of stimuli including light which regulates circadian rhythms, odors, stress, and arousal • Various functions include behavior within parents, perspiration, blood pressure, and change in heart rate

  22. Cingulate Gyrus • The cortical part of the limbic system • Elongated curved structure that is located on the medial surface within the cerebral hemispheres • Helps control or regulate emotions as well as pain • Helps in predicting and avoiding negative consequences or situations • Thought to instantaneously motivate the body's conscious response to negative experiences • With learning to avoid negative consequences involves an important feature of memory

  23. Amygdala • Small lobe in brain that is part of the limbic system • Main Function: developing associated with remembering reflexive emotions • Important part of survival

  24. Hippocampus • Learning, Short and Long Term Memory • Located beneath cortex in temporal lobe • The elderly often get Alzhimer’s because the hippocampus no longer functions properly

  25. Basal Ganglia • Made up of Caudate Nuclei, the Putamen, and Global Pallidus • Produces dopamine • Motor Cortex, Thalamus, and Cerebellum

  26. Reflexes • Involuntary • Automatic action that the body does in response to certain… • Without even being conscious of the action • Spinal circuits • Sensory stimuli arising from receptors in the muscles, joints, and skin • The neutral circuitry is responsible for the motor response is entirely contained within the spinal cord • Ex: stretch reflex

  27. The Six Brain Reflexes • Master Brain reflex • Cerebral Spinal Fluid/Salt Reflex • Crown/Sugar Reflex • Cerebellum/Parkinson's Reflex • Pituitary Reflex • Pineal Gland Reflex

  28. Diseases & Disorders • Meningitis • Alzheimer’s • Schizophrenia • Dyslexia • Parkinson’s Disease

  29. Bibliography • Cranial Nerves. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014.<http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/cranial.htm>. • The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmccaffrey//syllabi/CMSD%20320/362unit3.html>. • Anatomy of the Brain: Cerebral Cortex Lobes. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/bllobes.htm>. • Brain Lobes- the Four Lobes of the Brain. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://psychology.about.com/od/biopsychology/ss/brainstructure_2.htm>. • Brain Anatomy: Limbic System. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://its.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mathison/limbic/>. • The Limbic System. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. <http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/limbicsystem.html>. • A Brief Introduction of the Brain: Reflex. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ifc.unam.mx/Brain/reflex.htm>. • A-Z of Brain Disorders. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. <http://brainfoundation.org.au/medical-info/a-z-of-disorders>.

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