Pregnancy, Birth, and Childhood

1. Pregnancy, Birth, and Childhood Development Before Birth

2. The Beginning of the Life Cycle • During sexual intercourse sperm are deposited into the vagina. • If a egg is on its way to the uterus, a sperm may fertilize it. • This moment of fertilization is called conception. • http://www.webmd.com/baby/ss/slideshow-conception

3. 1st week of Pregnancy • Fertilization: within seconds of fertilization, the surface of the egg changes so no more sperm can enter. • Zygote: The united egg and sperm. • Cell Division: The cell divides to make two cells this growing structure is called the embryo. The cell continues to divide. • Blastocyst: 5 days after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus. The structure is called a blastocyst, it is a sphere of cells. • Implantation: The blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus

4. Development in the Uterus # • After implantation a fluid filled bag of this tissue called the amniotic sac develops around the embryo. The embryo floats in amniotic fluid. • The attachment holding the embryo to the wall of the uterus develops into the placenta. Within the placenta oxygen and nutrients move from the mothers blood into tiny blood vessels that lead to the embryo.

5. Development in the Uterus • 25 days after fertilization a ropelike structure the umbilical cord develops between the embryo and the placenta. The umbilical cord is the embryos lifeline it carries oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and wastes away. • During the first 2 months the major body systems and organs start to form. By the end of 8 weeks the embryo is about an inch long and has recognizable external features. The head is large in proportion to the body it makes up nearly 50% of the embryo. • http://www.webmd.com/baby/ss/slideshow-fetal-development

6. The Fetus * • From the 3rd month until birth the developing human is called a fetus. • During months 3 to 6 the fetus begins to move and kick. A sign that its skeleton and muscles are developing. • As the nervous system develops the fetus becomes sensitive to light and sound and alternates periods of activity with periods of sleep. • Months 7-9 the fetus continues to grow and develop. The body size increases, body fat accumulates, eyelids open and close. By the end of month 9 the fetus is ready to be born.

7. Pregnancy development • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_doesn't_the_fetus_drown_when_it_inhales_and_exhales_amniotic_fluid

8. A Healthy Pregnancy • Proper Nutrition- During pregnancy a woman needs to consume about 300 more calories than usual. • Folic Acid is an important vitamin during pregnancy. Folic acid is essential for proper development of the embryo’s neural tube, which will develop into the spinal cord and brain. • This neural tube forms early in an embryos development, therefore a woman should not wait to see a doctor, but see one early in the pregnancy.

9. Healthy Pregnancy • Exercise: A fit woman will meet the extra demands of carrying a fetus. Exercise also reduces the risk for diabetes and other health problems during pregnancy.

10. Healthy Pregnancy • AVOID ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS!!!!! • As soon as a woman plans on getting pregnant she should abstain from alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, even in small amounts, it can harm or kill the developing baby, decrease the newborns chance to live, or cause lifelong problems • Fetal alcohol syndrome: Women who drink during pregnancy, symptoms of fetal alcohol may include mental retardation, minor to severe heart defects and delayed growth.

11. Healthy Pregnancy • Avoiding Environmental Hazards • X-rays • Lead • Mercury • Cat litter

12. Prenatal Care • The chances of having a healthy baby greatly increase if the mother visits her doctor or clinic for regular checkups throughout pregnancy.

13. Trimesters • A pregnancy is divided into three periods of time. • First Trimester • Record medical history and weight • Note conditions that could affect pregnancy • Prescribe prenatal vitamins as needed • Second Trimester • Monitor heartbeat of fetus • Measure growth of uterus • Monitor for complications using ultrasound and other tools • Third Trimester • Check position and size of fetus • Check for warning signs of premature, or early birth • Continue to monitor for complications • Discuss birth process

14. Monitoring Tools • Ultrasound • High frequency sound waves are used to create an image of the developing frequency. The DR can tell the age of the fetus, the sex, and if the heart, muscles and bones are developing normally • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7ZCtHT1fNU • Chorionic Villus Sampling • The DR removes a small piece of the developing placenta, this test can detect inherited disorders, such as hemophilia or extra chromosomes. • Amniocentesis • This procedure inserts a needle into the women's uterus and removes a small amount of amniotic fluid, and tests for abnormalities.

15. Complications * • Ectopic pregnancy • The blastocyst implants in the fallopian tube or elsewhere. It can not develop properly. Surgery is necessary to remove the embryo. • Miscarriage • The death of the embryo, almost all miscarriages happen within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. • Preeclampsia (toxemia) • High blood pressure, swelling, and high levels of protein, preeclampsia prevents the fetus from getting enough oxygen. • Gestational Diabetes • High blood sugar levels, if untreated the fetus may grow too large, this can also lead to breathing problems for the newborn

16. Childbirth • Birth takes place in 3 stages • Labor • Delivery of the baby • Delivery of the afterbirth • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgZ5z6RB06c

17. Labor • This is the work the body does to push the baby out. • This can last 2 to 24 hours or longer. • The uterus uses strong contraction of the muscles and the cervix increases in width (dilate) • The contractions last from 30 to 90 seconds. • At first the contractions can be minutes apart, and by the end of labor they are usually only a few seconds. • Near the end of the first stage the amniotic sac breaks and the cervix becomes softer and wide enough to let the fetus pass through.

18. Delivery of baby • Contractions of the uterus continue, the baby is pushed out, usually head first through the cervix and vagina. • Once the baby is out the doctor will clamp and cut the umbilical cord. • Baby's nose and mouth are suctioned to remove mucus. • Eye drops are put in the baby's eyes to prevent infection, and an injection of vitamin K is given to prevent excessive bleeding from the cut umbilical cord.

19. Delivery of afterbirth • The uterus contracts to push out the placenta. • This stage usually will take 15 to 30 minutes.

20. Postpartum period: first 6 weeks after baby is born Baby Mother • Lungs begin to function. • Circulatory system and heart undergo changes to send more blood to the lungs. • Nervous system reacts to new sensations. (light, air, touch, hunger, pain) • Hormones change to signal the breasts to produce milk. • Uterus gradually shrinks to normal size. • Mother may experience baby blues: new mothers may feel sad and overwhelmed.

21. Complications at birth • Surgical delivery • Cesarean section, is a surgical method of birth. The doctor makes a incision in the lower abdomen into the uterus, then the Dr will remove the baby and placenta. • Position of fetus • Mothers hips • illness • Premature birth • Delivery of the baby before the 37th week. The earlier the birth, the more problems the baby tends to have. • Development of organs

22. Low birthweight • A newborn that weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth is considered to have low birthweight. • Premature and low-birthweight babies face an increased risk of health problems as newborns.

23. Multiple births * • Delivery of more than one baby. • Identical twins • Twins that develop from a single fertilize egg. Early in the development the embryo divides into two identical embryos. • Fraternal twins • If two eggs are released and fertilized by two sperm. • Triplets or more • Multiple eggs are fertilized

24. Childhood • Birth to 18 months • Newborn • Can nurse, cry and direct its gaze at you, however it will not learn to smile until about 1 month. • Many organs and systems are not fully developed, the bones are still soft and flexible. • 3 to 4 months • Brain, nerves, and muscles are ready for more coordinated movements. • Baby recognizes parents, cries to get what it needs, and responds to attention. • 18 months • The baby has probably learned to sit and crawl, stand, and walk. • Probably has some baby teeth and can chew solid food.

25. My Kids!Blake is 2 ½ Lillyana is 14 months

26. 18 months to 3 years • Most children learn to talk • Begin losing their baby like appearances (baby fat is lost and arms and legs get longer) • Gain abilities to do things for themselves • They play alongside other kids, but not with each other. • They are not ready to share!

27. 3 years to 6 years • Lost all traces of babyhood. • Become more independent and active • Muscles grow, energy is high • Communication skills advance rapidly • Most 4 year olds talk in sentences • Learn to play together and make friends • Begin school and learn how to behave in a group • Start to develop right and wrong

28. Middle and late childhood * • Middle childhood is ages 6-8 • Late childhood / pre-adolescence (tween years) is ages 9-12. • Physical growth • Facial structure changes, permanent teeth, bones grow, coordination develops, appetite increases. • Mental development • Learns higher level thinking skills, feel pride in accomplishing tasks and attempting new challenges. Children learn values, such as honesty and fairness, they may start taking on responsibilities. • Importance of friends • Approval of friends and the need to fit in with a social group becomes important. These feelings help children learn to work well in group situations.