IT Education & its Effects on Learning

1. IT Education & its Effects on Learning CHAN YEE HON, JOE CHOW SHING HOI, SIMON CHU KA TIM HUI TUNG HIP, KELVIN WONG WAI KIT New Literacy or Old Wine in New Bottle? Dec,2009

2. Presentation Outline • Introduction (Joe) • e-Learning is a kind “new literacy” (Kit) • What is e-Learning? (Simon) • e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle”(Kelvin) • Discussion (Tim/Joe) • Applications (Tim) • Conclusion (Joe)

3. 1. Introduction • e-Learning? • Web 2.0? • ICT • digital literacy • multimedia literacy • technoliteracy • TEL

4. 1. Introduction

5. 1. Introduction • What is “literacy”? • "literacy" is typically described as the ability to read and write.

6. 1. Introduction

7. 1. Introduction

8. 1. Introduction

9. Some Computer Jargons: 1. Introduction USB、DVD-writer, Java, Flash, bit GB, MP3, WWW, HTML Facebook, Linux, Youtube, Yahoo, Google 倉頡、速成、九方

10. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”?

11. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? Literacy Literacy education continues to involve studentslearning and using 'old skills', but applying them in new ways vianew technologies and new media. These old skills using new technologiesinclude: being able to decode and encode fluently; usingliteracy abilities and understandings involved in researching andreporting information; reading and deciding what is relevant; note taking,scanning, and collecting information in aselective way. Literacyand technology are always integrally related. Written language isalways already technologised, in the sense that it comes into beingonly in and through available technologies of information andcommunication-such as marks on natural surfaces, the alphabet andother symbol systems, stylus and pencil, the printing press and,today, the digital-electronic apparatus' (Bigum & Green 1992;Snyder '1996).

12. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? Literacy is not fixed but isever-evolving; literacy is always changing. iteracy transformations Primitive symbol systems Complex oral language Early writing Manuscript literacy Print literacy Video literacy Digital/multimedia/hypertext literacy Virtual reality ( Source: Bruce 1998: 47 ) The developmentof new technologies has implications for changing forms andpractices of literacy. (Green & Bigum 1993; Snyder 1996, 1997)

13. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? A sociocultural perspective Literacy as largely psychological ability From the socio-cultural standpoint, literacy is best understood as shorthand for the social practices of reading and writing. Understanding literacy as sociocultural practicemeans that reading and writing can be understood and acquired onlywithin the context of the social, cultural, political, economic andhistorical practices towhich they are integral. This idea was capturedby Brian Street's (1984) . By contrast, a sociocultural perspective suggests that literacyshould be seen as having three interlockingdimensions or aspectsof learning and practice - the operational, the cultural, and thecritical. These threedimensions bring together language, meaningand context (Green 1988).

14. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? Technology It is still common for teachers to think of technology in terms oftools and implements. Arnold Pacey's (1983) concept of 'technology practice' is useful inhelping us to recognise that technology is a form of social practiceand not, as is so often assumed, culturally neutral (see Idhe 1990).

15. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? As Pacey explains cliagramatically, technology practicerefers to everything that goes on within a triangle, the threepoints of which are defined by the organisational, cultural, andtechnical dimensions of humantechnological activity (see Figure 2).

16. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? • New Literacy ( Six main dimensions): • componential vs. holistic • the view of literacy as an array of necessary skills or • as integrated capability centered in meaning making • solitary vs. social • primarily an inside-of-the-head process or • a collaborative activity with substantial social -and political – implications • instructed vs. natural • requiring the passage through successive teaching / learning stages or • natural product of living in a literate environment

17. 2. e-Learning is a kind “new literacy”? • New Literacy ( Six main dimensions): • functional/technical vs. transformational/cultural • technical capabilities than facilitate functional performance in • all kinds of tasks essential force in the building process of individuals' • identity and societies' culture • singular/coherent vs. multiple/varied • confined to a given set of skills - e.g.. those required to pass a reading • test or the multiple literacies demanded by different readable objects • such as a contract, a poem, or a bus timetable. • school-focused vs. home and community focused • focus on curriculum-based and standardized knowledge or on everyday • life and multiple social environments naturally constructed knowledge. • Snow (2004)

18. 3. What is e-Learning? What is e-Learning?

19. 3. What is e-Learning? What is e-Learning? “E-learning is the continuous assimilation of knowledge and skills by adults stimulated by synchronous and asynchronous learning events – and sometimes Knowledge Management outputs – which are authored, delivered engaged with, supported, and administered using Internet technologies.” Morrison, Don (2003, p.4) 電子學習 (有時譯作數位學習、數碼學習)是成年人透過 同步和異步的學習活動的刺激，持續吸收和同化知識和技能。而在這個過程中，會應利用互聯網技術授權、銜接、支援及實施知識管理。

20. 3. What is e-Learning? • What is e-Learning? • synchronous – learning event takes place in real time • asynchronous – learning event takes place when the learner, not the author, wants it to • knowledge management – the process of capturing, sharing, and leveraging a company’s collective expertise • e-learning delivers processed knowledge • KM delivers raw or, at the very least, less processed knowledge • internet technologies – enables self-paced (自訂步調) e-learning courses are hosted on Web servers • peer-to-peer collaboration through Instant Messaging

21. 3. What is e-Learning? e-Learning Defined E-Learning refers to the use of Internet technologies to deliver a broad array of solutions that enhance knowledge and performance. It is based on three fundamental criteria. 電子學習(或稱網上學習)是指利用互聯網技術提供各種各樣的解決方案，增進知識和提升表現。它基於以下三個基本標準。 (Marc J. Rosenberg, p.28)

22. 3. What is e-Learning? • Defined E-Learning Defined • e-Learning is networked, which makes it capable of instant updating, storage/retrieval, distribution and sharing of instruction or information. • It is delivered to the end-user via a computer using standard internet technology. • It focuses on the broadest view of learning- learning solutions that go beyond the traditional paradigms of training. • 電子學習是連網絡的，這使得它能夠即時更新，存儲 / 檢索，分發和共享教學或信息。 • 它是通過電腦，應用標準的互聯網技術提供給最終用戶。 • 它的重點在於超越傳統培訓範式的學習方案。

23. 3. What is e-Learning? The “e’’ in e-Learning Stands for WHAT? e is for Experience. A learner in an e learning offering would have the options of time-shifting, place-shifting, and community support. e is for Extended.With e-learning an organization should be able to offer an extension of learning options, moving from an event perspective to an ongoing process. e is for Expanded.The opportunity to expand training offerings beyond the limitations of the classroom is incredibly exciting. Can we offer learning to all employees globally? Can we offer access to an unlimited number of topics? Elliott Masie

24. 3. What is e-Learning? “e’’ 的意思是什麼？ e is for Experience.(經驗) 可選擇轉移學習時間、學習地點，體驗漸進學習，社區技持 e is for Extended. (延伸) 可選擇只就某項事件或觀點學習, 以至持續學習,甚至終身學習。 e is for Expanded.(擴展) 可以超教室的限制, 我們是否可以為全球員工提供所有學習？我們是否可以提供無限的議題是什麼？ Elliott Masie

25. 3. What is e-Learning? • The e-learning industry • Content, technology and services are the three key segments in the e-learning industry. • 內容、科技及服務是電子學習工業的三個關鍵部分 • 內容 - 一般課程提供者、內容開發者、評鑑服務者、學科專家 • 科技 - 學教管理系統、內容管理系統、協作工具、視像課堂、知識管理系統 • 服務 - 系統整合者、學習支援/指導者, 學習需求評估者、電子學習顧問、多媒體管理者

26. 3. What is e-Learning? Morrison, Don (2003, p.9)

27. 3. What is e-Learning? • The elements of e-learning) • Logon process • Registration process • Personal profile • Competency and skills assessments . • Course catalogues. • Course enrolment processes • Pre-defined learning paths • Personal learning path • Customizable home page • Online courses - custom built or bought off-the-shelf • Downloadable courses or course elements • Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSS) Morrison, Don (2003, p.11)

28. 3. What is e-Learning? • 電子學習的元素 • 登錄過程 • 註冊過程 • 個人簡介 • 能力和技能評估 • 課程目錄 • 課程報名流程 • 預先定義的學習路徑 • 個人學習路徑 • 定制主頁 • 網上課程 - 自建成或購買現成的貨架 • 可下載的課程或課程內容 • 電子績效支持系統（ＥＰＳＳ）

29. 3. What is e-Learning? • the elements of e-learning • Moderated message boards (formal peer-to-peer communication) • Peer-to-peer message boards (informal peer-to-peer communication) • Peer-to-peer Instant Messaging (informal peer-to-peer communication) • Virtual classrooms -live and archived . • Online mentoring . • Other collaborative applications • Web casts - live and archived • Links to public or subscription Web sites • Access to proprietary or third-party Knowledge Management databases • On line help files . • On line help desks • Telephone help desks Morrison, Don (2003, p.11)

30. 3. What is e-Learning? • 主持留言板（正式點對點通信） • 點對點留言板（非正式點對點通信） • 點對點即時消息（非正式點對點通信） • 虛擬教室 – 直播和存檔（錄播） • 在線輔導。 • 其他協作應用軟件 • 網絡廣播 – 直播和存檔（錄播） • 鏈接公眾或訂閱的網站 • 獲得專利或第三方的知識管理數據庫 • 在線幫助文件 • 在線服務台 • 電話服務台 Morrison, Don (2003, p.11)

31. 3. What is e-Learning? • Benefits of e-Learning • e-Learning lowers cost. • Messages are consistent or customized, depending on need • Content is more timely and dependable • Learning is 24/7 • Universality • Builds community • Scalability (Marc J. Rosenberg, p.31)

32. 3. What is e-Learning? • 電子學習的好處 • 降低成本 (減少旅遊費用, 節省時間, 減少對課室的需要) • 可以一致定制或視乎需要而定(配合不同的學習需求) • 內容更加及時、可靠 (即時更新, 使資訊更準確) • 學習是隨時的 (一天24小時,一星期七天) • 普 遍 性 (使用標準互聯網協定, 網上學習者可以看到　　 • 　　　　　　　相同的材料) • 建立社群 (持久的讓人分享知識知及眼光) • 可伸縮性 (由10人到100人至10000人, 成本增加不大)

33. 3. What is e-Learning? Turn push into pull It is about the devolution of training from a centralized to a distributed model. Centralized Training – the same content was covered in the same time. In the Information Age where change is constant, where knowledge is in flux, where employees change jobs regularly, where technology offers a more customized approach to learning, the push model is no longer appropriate. E-learning provides the opportunity to change the model from push to pull. Instead of the learning department, place the learner with her shifting learning needs and shrinking lead times at the centre. Give her the responsibility for her own performance. Let the learner draw on the enterprise learning value chain to pull in the content she needs when she needs it and using the channel that suits her . Morrison, Don (2003, p.26)

34. 3. What is e-Learning? 轉推到拉 在資訊年代，變化是永恆的，在知識在不斷變化，人們的工作經常改變，其中技術提供了更個人化的學習方法，推模型已不再適用。 電子學習帶來學習模式的轉變，這就是權力下放的訓練：從中央模式轉變為分散模式。 集中化培訓- 同樣的內容，在同一時間，並在同一個地點進行。 學習者為中心的學習- 給予學習者責任，選擇自己認為需要的學習內容，選取適合自己的學習方式。

35. 推模型 3. What is e-Learning? Centralized Training Morrison, Don (2003, p.26)

36. 拉模型 3. What is e-Learning? Learner Morrison, Don (2003, p.26)

37. 3. What is e-Learning? 學習者為中心的學習 集中化培訓 Morrison, Don (2003, p.28)

38. 3. What is e-Learning? Personalized learning (個人化學習) 越是個性人的學子學習課程，越是度身訂造的，施行的難度亦越高。 度身訂造的課程都會基於需求評估。

39. 3. What is e-Learning? 度身訂造 Morrison, Don (2003, p.30)

40. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle”

41. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” Applications and environments in the contemporary information technology revolution • First key feature • Information covering ‘data’, ‘ideas’, ‘images’, ‘symbols’, and even ‘theories’. • It is not simply that the new technologies in the form of information. • ‘the products of new information technology industries are information processing devices or information processing itself.’(Castells 1996)

42. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” • Second Key Feature • Information technology can generate • 1. non-material • 2. non-quantifiable values • in cyberspace. Informationalism is oriented towards technological development, that is towards the accumulation of knowledge and towards higher levels of complexity in information processing. While higher levels of knowledge may normally result in higher levels of output per unit of input, it is the pursuit of knowledge and information that characterizes the technological production function under informationalism. (Castells 1996:17-18)

43. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” • Two Examples: • People may build a better “life” in cyberspace. (Margaret Wertheim 1999). • The basis of coming new economy will be attention and not information. (Goldhaber 1997, 1998)

44. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” • Third Key Feature • New electronic ICTs are not simply tools. They are ways of thinking, doing, being, organizing, believing, and so on. • Knowledge and information are defined to applied to knowledge generation and information processing/communication devices.

45. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” • Fourth key Feature • Domain of cyberspace seems to be limitless. • Environments of information technology revolution tend towards endless proliferation of information.

46. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” The matter of mindsets (心相) Barlow distinguishes between paradigms of values in physical space and information/cyberspace. In physical space, controlled economics increase value by regulating scarcity. In cyberspace, relationship has the value. ‘it’s a relationship and as in any relationship, the more that’s going back and forth the higher the value of the relationship.’(in Tunbridge 1995)

47. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” Barlow distinguishes the ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’.

48. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” Jeff Bezos’ view of automation (founder of Amazon.com) • Bezos first phase of automation ‘where you use technology to do the same old … process, but just faster and more efficiently’. (outsider’s perspective) • Example: barcode scanners, point-of-sale systems. • Bezos second phase automation ‘when you can fundamentally change the underlying … process,’ ‘and do things in a completely new way’. • (Insider’s perspective)

49. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” • Buying a book from a conventional store. (outsider’s perspective) • Amazon invites consumers to post their rating and reviews of the book. Based on readers previous purchases, Amazon also recommends books readers might like. (Insider’s perspective)

50. 4. e-Learning is just “Old Wine in New Bottle” The challenge of mindsets for literacy education • Need to think about how literacy education is itself through different people. • World of atoms and world of bits can be co-existed. Is not one of either/or options:adopt one mindset or another. • A sound education need to cater to both ‘physical space’ and ‘cyberspace’.