UNIT 2: CHAPTERS 4 AND 13

1. UNIT 2:CHAPTERS 4 AND 13

2. FUN WITH MATH!!! It is 30 miles to The Shops That destroyed the Prairie. You and your parents drive to the shops and back on Saturday. The vehicle that you are driving goes 20 miles per gallon of gas consumed. How many gallons of gas did your vehicle use on Saturday? The price of gas is currently $3.69. How much did it cost you to go shopping? Student Response

3. Video Link

6. RISK • Driver • Vehicle • Roadway

8. Driver Contributed FactorsStudent Response • Adjusting radio • Being angry • Having blurred vision • Combing hair • Alcohol • Cell phone use

10. Vehicle FactorsStudent Response • Bald tires • Poorly adjusted brakes • Dirty windshield • Broken headlight • Worn wiper blades

11. Roadway FactorsStudent Response • Bright sun • Construction • Dark Shadow • Snow and ice • Sharp curve

12. Some drivers exhibit a high degree of risk. How do such factors as peer pressure, self image and ego help cause high-risk behavior?

14. IPDE PROCESS • An organized system of seeing, thinking, and responding.

15. 4 STEPS IN THE IPDE PROCESS • IDENTIFY - Possible Hazards 2. PREDICT - Possible Points of Conflict. 3. DECIDE - How to Avoid the Conflict. 4. EXECUTE - The Correct Actions

16. IDENTIFY What to look for? When to look? Where and how long to look?

17. THE SMITH SYSTEM 5 rules used to develop good seeing habits: 1. Aim high in steering. 2. Keep your eyes moving. 3. Get the big picture. 4. Make sure others see you. 5. Leave yourself an out.

18. ZONES • A zone is one of six areas of space around a vehicle that is the width of a lane and extends as far as the driver can see.

19. Open Zone • A space where you can drive without a restriction to your line of sight or to your intended path of travel.

20. Closed Zone • A space not open to you because of a restriction in your line of sight or intended path of travel.

21. Target Area Range – space from your vehicle to the target area. 12-15 Second Range – space you will travel in during the next 12-15 seconds. 4-6 Second Range – space you will travel in during the next 4-6 seconds, the final update. Field of Vision – the area you can see around you, while looking straight ahead – 90 degrees to each side, 180 degrees total.

22. 3 MAJOR ELEMENTS YOU SHOULD ALWAYS LOOK FOR IN ANY DRIVING ENVIRONMENT 1. Other roadway users. 2. Roadway features and conditions. 3. Traffic Controls.

23. OTHER ROADWAY USERS 1. How they might effect your planned path of travel? 2. Look for different sizes and shapes of users. 3. Look for other users’ problems as well as your own.

24. ROADWAY FEATURES AND CONDITIONS 1. Identify intersections, hills, and curves early. 2. Multilane to single lane. 3. Change in width of lane (standing water, patches of snow, potholes, objects on road).

25. Other Things to Look For • Roadside Hazards (pedestrians, bicyclists, parked cars, animals, shopping center entrances and exits, roadside stands, restaurants and gas stations). • Roadway Surface – Adjust your driving for wet, snow covered, icy, or gravel roadways.

26. TRAFFIC CONTROLS 3 PLACES TO LOOK FOR TRAFFIC CONTROLS • Overhead. • In the center of the intersection. • On the four corners. Identify traffic controls as early as possible.

27. PREDICT Once you identify a possible hazard, you predict how this might affect your path of travel. You predict where the conflict might occur.

28. 2 MAJOR ELEMENTS YOU MUST MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT • Possible actions of others. • Control of your vehicle and consequences of your actions.

29. TRACTION • The basic requirement for vehicle control is traction. • Traction is the gripping power between the tires and the roadway.

30. ALWAYS predict that other drivers and pedestrians will make mistakes. • NEVERassume they will always do the right thing.

31. DECIDE You must decide how to avoid the conflict. 3 ways to avoid a conflict 1. Change speed –maintain, reduce or accelerate. 2. Change direction – space cushion 3. Communicate your plans - use signaling actions

32. SPACE CUSHION • The area of space all around your vehicle. • You should constantly strive to keep space all around your car vehicle. • 3 Lane Positions to use • Center • 3-6 inches from center lane • 3-6 inches from white line on edge of road

33. EXECUTE • Carrying out your decision in order to avoid conflict. • 3 Actions you will execute • Control speed • Steer • Communicate

34. Control Speed 1. Accelerate – know the acceleration capabilities of your vehicle. 2. Braking – Consider the surface of the roadway. 3. Never lock your brakes. • Sometimes the best thing to do is maintain your current speed.

35. Steering • Swerving • Switching lanes • Backing up

36. WAYS OF COMMUNICATING 1. LIGHTS 2. LANE POSITION 3. EYE CONTACT 4. BODY MOVEMENT 5. HORN

37. COMMUNICATING USING YOUR LIGHTS 1. Turn on and off. 2. Flash your bright lights. 3. Turn signals. 4. Hazard lights. 5. Brake lights. 6. Back up lights. 7. Parking lights.

38. SAFE PATH OF TRAVEL A path that is free of hazards and conflict.

39. 4 REQUIREMENTS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN A SAFE PATH OF TRAVEL 1. VISIBILITY A. Sight Distance – The distance you can see looking straight ahead. B. Field of Vision – The area you can see around you while looking straight ahead.

40. Requirements Continued 2. Traction – The gripping power between the tires and the roadway. 3. Space – Space Cushion. 4. Traffic Flow – Keep up with the flow of traffic and avoid unnecessary braking.

41. 3 Defensive Driving Techniques 1. SEPARATE 2. MINIMIZE 3. COMPROMISE

42. Dealing With Hazards • SEPARATE – Reduce the number of hazards that must be dealt with one at a time allowing TIME for the hazard to separate. • Apply when there are two or more hazards and one of them is moving.

43. MINIMIZE – Put space between you and the hazard to lesson the chance of a collision.

44. COMPROMIZE – Share the available space as a last result.

45. TIRE WEAR Contributing Factors: • Abrupt braking. • Sharp steering. • Bumps. • Potholes. • Poor roadway surfaces. • Unbalanced wheels. • Poor front-end alignment. • Under inflation and over inflation.

46. TIRE BLOWOUTS • A blowout occurs when a tire loses air pressure suddenly. • Front tire blowout – The vehicle quickly pulls in the direction of the blowout. • Back tire blowout – The back of the vehicle swerves back and forth (fishtails).

47. WHAT TO DO WHEN A TIRE BLOWS OUT • Grip the steering wheel firmly. • Let off the accelerator. Do not apply the brakes. • When you gain control of your vehicle, slowly drive off the roadway. • Turn on your hazard lights until you find a safe place to stop.

48. BRAKE FAILURE WHAT TO DO: 1. Pump your brakes. 2. Downshift to a lower gear. 3. Pull and hold the parking brake release lever out or hold the parking brake button in the off position. Then apply the parking brake. 4. As a last resort, rub the wheels against the curb to reduce speed. If a collision is unavoidable, steer for a sideswipe rather than a head on collision. Total brake failure rarely happens. Total brake failure rarely happens.

49. POWER BRAKE FAILURE 1. If the engine is not running, the power brakes will not work. 2. The brakes have not failed, just the power brakes. You just have to push the brakes harder.

50. YOUR ACCELERATOR STICKS First, put your toe under the accelerator and lift up. If this doesn’t work: 1.Shift to neutral and apply brakes. 2. Choose an escape path that leads to a safe place off the roadway. 3. Turn off the ignition when you’re off the road and no longer need to change directions.