Islamic Empires

1. World I Review Islamic Empires Interactions and Conflict

2. Importance of Trade • By the 15th Century, technological and scientific advances had been exchanged among the cultures of the world: • Paper, the compass, silk, & porcelain (China) • Textiles, numerical system (India & Ottomans) • Medicine, astronomy, and mathematics (Mideast, Africa, and Asia)

3. The Islamic Empires

5. The Ottomans • The Ottoman Empire lasted for over 600 years (13th to 19th Centuries) • Fell in 1922 (after WWI) • The Ottoman Empire was concentrated in Asia Minor on the Anatolian Peninsula. • It emerged as a political and economic power following the fall of Constantinople (1453) , which was renamed Istanbul.

6. The Ottoman Empire

7. The Ottomans • The Ottomans expanded their empire into • Southwest Asia (Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and parts of Saudi Arabia) • Southern Europe (Balkan Peninsula: Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Albania) • Parts of North Africa. • The Ottomans ruled Christians, Jews, and Muslims but ISLAM (Sunni) was the unifying religion.

8. The Ottomans • The Ottoman Empire benefited from its location: controlled most east/west trade. • The Empire produced mostlycoffee and ceramics. • The spices, silks, timber, gunpowder, technological advances passed through their empire on the way to Europe, which made them rich.

9. Important People • Osman ( leader of the tribe 1300-1326) • Nomadic Turk • Warrior for Islam = ghazis • Began raiding eastern fringes of Byzantine Empire • Captured parts of Anatolia and settled there • West called him Othman – Ottomans named after him • Gunpowder = first people to use cannons and carried muskets

10. Important People • Mehmet II (the Conqueror) • Captured Constantinople from Byzantine Christians • Renamed Istanbul

11. Turning point in history: Capture of Constantinople

12. Important People • Suleiman I (1520) “The Magnificent” • Empire reaches height * Ottoman Rule ~ kind ~ appointed local Sultans ~ improved lives of peasants ~ non-Muslims pay tax • Siege on Vienna • Empire fell – corruption

13. Cultural Achievements • Cultural Diffusion – blending of cultures • Astronomy and math • Schools • Art and Literature • Spices, Silk (from China) • Used Gunpowder (from China)

14. Political Characteristics • Vizier –head administrator • Over time gained power over the sultans • Janissaries – elite military group, which gained great power • “Devshirme” – Young Christian boys, from conquered territories, became slaves to Sultan • Learned Turkish and converted to Islam • Served as bureaucrats or infantrymen in army

15. Ottoman Janissaries Elite military group; Power based on cannons & firearms

16. I. Ottoman Empire Special Topics Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims 1. Millet System = “Millet” comes from Arabic word for nation 2. Religious groups = Millets 3. Christians = Millet; Jews = Millet 4. Millets could choose own religious leader 5. Follow own religious laws 6. Polytheists persecuted

17. Fall of Ottoman • Began to decline in 17th century – too large to maintain • Could not control local governments that pocketed taxes • Peasant revolts • Succession issues • Janissaries demands • Fall of Ottoman Empire • Crash Course Crash Course

18. Battle of Lepanto (1571) Ottoman Empire vs. Spain (Phillip II) Spain wins; Ottomans lose control of Mediterranean

19. Safavid • The Safavid Empire consisted of present day Iran and parts of Afghanistan and Russia. • Ruled by a Shah or emperor. • Islam (Shiite) was the unifying religion. • Caught between the Ottomans and the Mughalsand thus has limited influence.

20. Safavid • Members of an Islamic brotherhood joined Shi’a Muslims • Isma’il (1499) • Leader of army – 14yrs old • Fought Ottomans (Sunni Muslim) • Destroyed Sunni population in Baghdad • Selim the Grim responded by killing nearly 40,000 Shi’a Muslims • Qizilbash– “redheads” – calvalry armed with swords and knives • No Navy was every built • Fighting still continues today

21. Cultural Blending • Golden Age 1588 • Shah Abbas “Abbas the Great” (1588-1629) • Blend of Persian, Ottoman, and Arab worlds • Reformed army (2 armies; 1 Persian and 1 Ottoman) • Reformed government • Punished corruption • Created good relationships with Europe and China • Collapse under internal attacks * Persian rugs * Architecture * Sufism

22. Safavid architecture – colorful floral designs

23. Shah Abbas the Great Safavid Ruler

24. Safavid Empire Special Topics - Ottoman-Safavid Conflict - Ottoman Sunni vs. Safavid Shia conflict ~ continual border fighting ~Ottoman take Safavid territory ~Result = Sunni-Shia conflict today in region (Iraq & Iran) Miniature depicting Ottoman victory over the Safavids

27. The Mughals • Descendants of the Mongols, Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers of India and surrounding regions. • Babur – descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan conquered Delhi • Location of their Empire: • Northern India • Parts of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.

28. Founded • Golden Age (1556-1605) • Akbar “Great One” • Religious Freedom • Blended cultures – Islam and Hinduism • Sikhism – new religion, rejects Caste System • Attempted to outlaw the practice of sati • Built Military – lots of fire power • Language – Hindi = mix of Persian and local • Shah Jahan • Built TajMahal (Tomb!) • Built it after wife died (MumtazMahal) • She died after giving birth to 14th child • 20,000 workers – 22 years = much suffering • Purdah – strict enforcement of women not venturing outside the home unescorted

30. Cultural characteristics • Conflicts between Muslims and Hindu's • Nanuk – stressed meditation as a means of seeking enlightenment and utilized both religions teachings • Guru (religious leader) – of new religion called Sikhism • Akbar – “Devine Faith” - combined Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian and Sikh beliefs

31. Architectural Styles Ottoman Safavid Mughal

32. The Mughals • Contributions • Spread Islam into India • The Mughals ruled an empire of mostly Hindu. • Like the Ottomans they built many impressive temples and shrines. • Taj Mahal • Their culture was a blend of Hindu and Muslim. • They carried on an extensive trade with the Europeans after their arrival during the late 15th Century.

33. The Mughals • The Portuguese, British, and Dutch (Netherlands) all competed for the Indian Ocean trade. • These Europeans (French, Dutch, Portuguese) arrived in India in the late 14th century-set up trading posts. • Western Coast with local rulers of the Mughal Empire. • The British gained a monopoly by the 1600s. • Cotton and Indian textiles were the primary product.

34. Mughal Empire Special Topics - Intensification of Peasant Labor - Indian cotton textile production ~British textile industry demands = more Indian production/ increased peasant labor

36. Explore the Taj Mahal

37. Ottoman Empire Land-Based “Gunpowder” Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals Safavid Empire

38. Mughal Empire

39. Islamic Land-Based Empires – 1450-1750 “Gunpowder Empires” Ottoman Empire: Original location: Asia Minor Expansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire: Southwest Asia Southeastern Europe Balkan Peninsula North Africa Characteristics: Capital = Constantinople renamed Istanbul Islamic Sunni religion = unifying force that accepted other religions Main trade = coffee & ceramics Mughal Empire: Location: North India Contribution of Mughal Rulers: - Further spread of Islam into India - Art & architecture – Taj Mahal - Establishment of European trading posts - Influence of Indian textiles: British textile industry expands; peasant labor intensifies. Trade with European Nations - Portugal, England, France, & the Netherlands (Dutch) competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent Southern India trade: Silk, spices and gems Safavid Empire: Original Location: SW Asia, Persia, Modern Iran Expansion and extent of the Safavid Empire: Hindu Kush Mts. in the east (to Mughal Empire) Zagros Mts. in the west (to Ottoman Empire) Characteristics: Persian culture and architecture Shia Islam unified and legitimized empire and rule Main trade = Persian carpets

41. .Tours - 732