UNDERSTANDING

1. UNDERSTANDING BIOLOGY

2. UNDERSTANDING BELL WORK • In your JOURNAL (proper format with date & question) discuss the following: • Why do we require you to study Biology? • What is Biology? • With your partner discuss your response and compile a list with at least 5 reasons/answers • Be prepared to share with the class. BIOLOGY

3. Chapter 1 Terms • 1. Biology: • 2. Biosphere: • 3. Biodiversity: • 4. Cell: • 5. DNA: • Metabolism: • Organism: • Species: Section 1.1

4. Chapter 1 Terms 1. Adaptation: 2. Ecosystem: 3. Evolution: 4. Homeostasis: 5. System: Section 1.2

5. Chapter 1 Terms • 1. Constant: • 2. Data: • 3. Dependent Variable: • 4. Experiment: • 5. Hypothesis: • Independent Variable: • Observation: • Theory: Section 1.3

6. Chapter 1 Terms 1. Gene: 2. Genomics: 3. Microscope: 4. Molecular Genetics: Section 1.4

7. Chapter 1 Terms 1. Biotechnology: 2. Transgenic: Section 1.5

8. What does “biology” mean? • Key terms • “Bio” means = ___________________ • “-ology” means = _________________ Therefore Biology is… __________________________________

9. Scientists study and investigate nearly every aspect of life on Earth. They work in different fields of science. The names of many of these fields end in the suffix –logy. A suffix, such as –logy, must be combined with another word part to complete its meaning. Determine the meanings of the prefixes in the name of each field of science listed below. In the second column of the chart, write a description of what is studied in each field listed in the first column. Study of ancient cultures Study of insects Study of embroys Study of Animals Study of the environment Study of animal behavior Study of viruses Study of reptiles Study of microscopic organisms Study of bacteria Study of fossils Study of cells Study of ocean life Study of body functions Study of the heart Study of fish

10. Scientific terms

11. Study of life _______________________________ • Study of animals _______________________________ • Small leaf _______________________________ • Study of the skin _______________________________ • Instrument for looking at small things _______________________________ • Study of small forms of life _______________________________ • Self-made food _______________________________ • Green leaf _______________________________ • The process of watering _______________________________ • Breaking of a cell _______________________________ • Removal of waste products from the body _______________________________ • Instrument used to measure water and other liquids _______________________ • A plant that grows in water _______________________________ • The process of making something self-operating __________________________ • Within a cell _______________________________ • First organized particle _______________________________ BIOLOGY ZOOLOGY MICROPHYLL DERMATOLOGY MICROSCOPE MICROBIOLOGY AUTOTROPH CHLOROPHYLL HYDRATION CYTOLYSIS EXCRETION HYDROMETER HYDROPHYTE AUTOMATION INTRACELLULAR PROTOPLAST Try these…

12. Homeostasis “Stable condition” 98.6° Shivers, Goose-bumps Sweat Maintain a constant 98.6 degrees • Meaning… __________________________ Example: What is your body temperature? ______________ How does your body respond when you are cold? ______________________________________________ How does your body respond when you are hot? ______________________________________________ Why is it important for your body to do this? ______________________________________________ YOUR BODY IS CONSTANTLY WORKING TO MAINTAIN… …HOMEOSTASIS

13. The Biosphere Made up of ALL the living things AND all the places they are found: LIVING THINGSPLACES Bacteria Deserts Protist Grasslands Fungus Saltwater Plants Freshwater Animals

14. BIODIVERSITY The variety of life across the biosphere. Biodiversity generally increases from the Earth’s poles to the equator.

15. EQUATOR Earth’s Rainforest (Greatest variety and Highest population of living organisms)

16. Why is biodiversity so great in the Equator region? • Consistent warm temperatures • Constant precipitation More species can survive in warm areas that offer a larger and more consistent food supply. Species: A particular type of living thing that can reproduce by interbreeding among themselves

17. What is a "Living Thing"? • __________not only in size, but in development • __________essential for survival • __________smallest unit of life • __________breathing, eating, digestion, excretion • __________adapt and change with environment • __________to light, sound, temp, etc. GROWTH REPRODUCTION CELLS METABOLIZE EVOLVE RESPOND “GROMER”

18. Grow and Develop Metamorphosis

19. GROWTH Growth refers to an increase in some quantity over time. The quantity can be physical (e.g., growth in height) or abstract (e.g., a system becoming more complex, an organism becoming more mature).

20. Reproduce Asexually Sexually

21. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Members of a species must have the ability to produce new individuals, (reproduce). Through reproduction, organisms pass on their ___________________, (DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid) genetic material Sexual Reproduction: egg sperm Combining of _______ and __________; Combination of ______ from ___ parents DNA 2 Asexual Reproduction: ___________ from one parent divides into two cells. New cells have _____________ ______ as original parent One cell identical DNA

22. Organization of Cells SYSTEM ORGAN CELL TISSUE ORGANISM

23. ORGANIZATION OF CELLS All living things are made up of one or more cells Multicellular Organisms Unicellular Organisms Protists Plants Bacteria Animals

24. Metabolize

25. METABOLIZE ENERGY All organisms need a source of __________________ for their life processes. The form of energy that all organisms use is ___________________________ CHEMICAL ENERGY Sources of Energy _______________ ____________ SUNLIGHT FOOD

26. Evolve & are Adapted

27. EVOLVE Evolution is the ________________________________; (Change in the _____________ of a population of species.) CHANGE IN LIVING THINGS OVER TIME GENETIC MAKEUP How are the mouths of pythons adapted to finding prey and swallowing large prey? Besides having stiff spines that stick out from their bodies and help protect them, these animals also have loose skin under those spines and powerful back muscles. Why?

28. Respond

29. RESPOND REACT All organisms must _______________ to their __________________ to __________________. ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE Stimuli includes: LIGHT __________________ __________________ __________________ TEMPERATURE TOUCH

30. SECTION 1.1 REVIEW Describe biodiversity in terms of species Describe the relationship between cells and organisms. What characteristics are shared by all living things? How does biodiversity depend on a species’ ability to reproduce? Cells are the smallest part of organisms. (They make up organisms) GROMER Growth, Reproduction, Cells, Metabolize, Evolve, Reproduction

31. Homeostasis Literal Meaning: “Same Status/Condition” Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism. Examples of conditions that require homeostasis: TEMPERATURE BLOOD SUGAR ACIDITY HYDRATION LEVELS

32. SECTION 1.2 REVIEW Describe a biological system. Give an example of how structure is related to function in living things. Why is homeostasis essential for living things? What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection? How are structure and function related to adaptation? How is the process of natural selection involved in evolution?

33. A/B WORD WRITE UP STUDENTS DO NOT RETAIN THE INFORMATION PRESENTED / TAUGHT IN CLASS PROBLEM: _________________________________________________ IF STUDENTS ATTACH SPECIFIC MEANING OR ASSOCIATIONS WITH TERMS, THEN THEY WILL LEARN THE INFORMATION HYPOTHESIS: ___________________________________________________ EXPERIMENT: HAVE STUDENTS COPY A LIST OF 10 WORDS LABELED “A” AND “B”. THE STUDENTS HAVE TO WRITE THE “A” WORDS TWO TIMES WHILE FOR THE ‘B’ WORDS THEY FIRST WRITE A WORD THAT THEY ASSOCIATE WITH THE TERM AND THEN WRITE THE WORD ITSELF ONCE. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ _____ TOTAL STUDENTS RECALLED ______ TOTAL WORDS: ______ ‘A’ WORDS AND _____ ‘B’ WORDS DATA: ___________________________________________________ STUDENTS DO LEARN BETTER IF THEY MAKE ASSOCIATIONS AND OR CONNECTIONS TO NEW INFORMATION PRESENTED TO THEM CONCLUSION: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

34. A/B WORD WRITE UP EXPERIMENT: • Control group: ___________________ or the ‘thing’ that does not change • a. _________________________________________ • 2. Variable: the “_______________________” group or the “thing” that changes • a. _________________________________________ CONSTANT GROUP EXPERIMENTAL GROUP DATA:

35. SCIENTIFIC METHOD PROBLEM observations • State the _______________ a. The process of ‘inquiry’ begins with ____________________, (using ones senses to study the world) • Create a ___________________(educated guess) • A hypothesis is a ____________________________ for a scientific question • Should be an ___________ / ___________ statement indicating the action(s) that will take place and the results that are anticipated 3. Test the ___________________ (experiment) • Evaluate ______________(results) a. Observations and tools can be used to gather and analyze data • Make a ____________________ • Hypotheses can be__________________ or _______________ in the conclusion Experiments are always ______________. ___________________ are developed once experiments have been tested several times and end with the same _________________ HYPOTHESIS Proposed answer IF THEN HYPOTHESIS DATA CONCLUSION accepted rejected ONGOING THEORIES Conclusion

36. Can You Spot The Scientific Method? • Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment • Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions • ________Stephen predicted that seed would start to grow faster if an electric current traveled through the soil in which they were planted. • ________ Susan said, “If I fertilize my geranium plants, they will blossom”. • ________ Jonathon’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away from raw cucumber slices. • ________ Rene grew bacteria from the mouth on special plates in the laboratory. She placed drops of different mouthwashes on bacteria on each plate. • ________ Kathy used a survey to determine how many of her classmates were left-handed and how many were right-handed. • ________ Dana wanted to know how synthetic fibers were different from natural fibers. • ________ Jose saw bats catching insects after dar. He asked, “How do bats find the insects in the dark?”

37. Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment • Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions • 8. ________ Justin wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant leaves, flowers, and stems. • ________ Marcus soaked six different kinds of seeds in water for 24 hours. Then he planted the seed in soil at a depth of 1 cm. He used the same amount of water, light, and heat for each kind of seed. • ________ Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how plants could grow without soil. • ________ Kevin said, “If I grow five seedlings in red light, I think the plants will grow faster than the five plants grown in white light”. • ________ Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move away from light. • ________ Scott said, “if acid rain affects plants in a particular lake, it might affect small animals, such as crayfish, that live in the same water.” • ________ Michael fed different diets to three groups of guinea pigs. His experiment showed that guinea pigs need vitamin C and protein in their diets. • ________ Kim’s experiment showed that chicken egg shells were stronger when she gave the hen feed to which extra calcium had been added.

38. SCIENTIFIC METHOD Long ago, many people believed that living things could come from nonliving things. They thought that worms came from wood and that maggots came from decaying meat. This idea was called spontaneous generation. In 1669, an Italian biologist, Francesco Redi, did experiments to prove that maggots did not come from meat. One of his experiments is shown below: Redi placed pieces of meat in several jars. He divided the jars into two groups. He covered t5he first group of jars with fine cloth. He left the second group of jars uncovered. Redi observed the jars for several days. He saw flies on the cloth of the covered jars, and he saw flies laying eggs on the meat in the uncovered jars. Maggots appeared only on the meat in the group of jars left uncovered.

39. Scientists use a series of organized steps called scientific method to solve problems. List the steps that are often used. _________________________ _____________________________________________________________ • What was the problem in Redi’s experiment? ________________________ • What do you think his hypothesis was?______________________________ • How did he test his hypothesis? ___________________________________ • What was the variable in his experiment? ____________________________ • What was the control in his experiment? _____________________________ • What do you think Redi’s conclusion was? ___________________________ _____________________________________________________________

40. SECTION 1.3 REVIEW What role do hypotheses play in scientific inquiry? What is the difference between and independent variable and a dependent variable? How is the meaning of theory in science different from the everyday use of the term? How are hypotheses and theories related? Give examples of different ways in which observations are used in scientific inquiry.

41. Complete the idea map by using the following numbers to fill in the blanks: 1, 10, 200, 1000, 5000. 1 kilometer = ________________ meter(s) 100 milliliters = ______________ liter(s) Metric equivalents 5 kiloliters = ________________ liters(s) 1 meter = ________________ millimeter(s) 2 meters = _____________ centimeter(s) 1 decimeter = ____________ centimeter(s) • In what way is a dollar similar to a meter in the SI system? • Which metric unit would you use to measure the following? • ____The area of your classroom e ____ The temperature of a bird • ____ The volume of liquid in a soft drink f ____ The mass of a vitamin pill • ____ The distance to a city in another state g ____ Your height • ____ The mass of two paper clips h ____ time

42. International System of Units (SI)(Metric system) • Base unit for… • Length = __________ • Mass = __________ • Volume = __________ • Temp. = __________ meter gram liter Celius

43. Metric conversions K h da U d c m meter liter gram

44. Try these… 1. 5mL = ______________ L 2. 15g = ______________ mg 3. 0.5m = ______________ cm 4. 65.4L = ______________cL 5. 650cm = ______________mm = ______________m 6. 3.45mg = ______________cg = ______________g = ______________kg Using a meter stick, measure your height in… kilometers = ______________ km meters = ______________ m centimeters = ______________ cm millimeters = ______________ mm 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter A meter stick “reads” centimeters

45. Name _____________________________________ Date ______________ METRIC CONVERSIONS kilo hecta deca UNIT deci centi milli 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1000 .005 1. 5mL = ______________ L 2. 15g = ______________ mg 3. 0.5 m = ______________ cm 4. 65.4L = ______________ cL 5. 650cm = ______________ mm = ________________ m 6. 3.45 mg = ______________ cg = _________________g = ______________kg 7. 2.5mL = ______________ cL 8. 15g = ______________ kg 9. 0.5 m = ______________ mm 10. 0.453L = ______________ mL 11. 65.5cm = ______________ m = ________________ km 12. 1.15 hg = ______________ g = _________________kg = ______________mg What are the base units for measuring: 13. Mass - ____________________ 14. Volume - _________________ 15. Length - __________________ 15000 50 6540 6500 6.5 0.345 0.00000345 0.00345 0.25 0.015 500 453 655 0.655 115000 115 0.115 gram liter meter

46. Understanding the Meter Stick and the Metric System • How many decimeters are in a meter? • How many centimeters are in a meter? • How many millimeters in a centimeter? • How many millimeters in a meter? • How many meters would be in a decameter? • How many meters would be in a hectometer? • 7. How many meters would be in a kilometer? • Practical • Using the graduated cylinder, measure the liquid in the bottle. Make the conversions below: • _______________ mL = _______________ L • Using the balance, measure the mass in the solid. Make the conversions below: • _______________ g = _______________ mg • Using the metric ruler, measure the length and width of the room. Make the conversions below: • LENGTH: _______________ cm = _______________ mm = _______________ m • WIDTH: _______________ cm = _______________ mm = _______________ m

47. Tools of biology • Microscope Function Magnifies up to… • _______ microscope uses light. __________ • _______microscope light cannot pass. __________ (Also called “____________”microscope) • ________microscope uses electrons __________ Compound Light 1000X Stereo 40X dissection 500,000X Electron

48. LIGHT MICROSCOPE eyepiece Body Tube Turrett Arm Focus Objective Low Objective Stage High Power Objective Stage Clips Course Adjustment Diaphragm Fine Adjustment Light Source Base

49. WORD BANK Eyepiece Fine adjustment Ocular tube Course adjustment High power objective Revolving nosepiece (“turret”) Low power objective Diaphragm Focus objective Light source Stage Base Stage clips Arm The focus objective focuses __________ The low power objective focuses __________ The high power objective focuses __________. Keep in mind, there is also a lens in the EYEPIECE that focuses __________ Therefore if you were using the high powered objective, what would the total magnification be? ______________ Eyepiece X High Objective = total magnification ________ X _________ = __________ times 4X 10X 40X 10X 10 40 400

50. Microscope Reference Sheet • HOW TO FOCUS A MICROSCOPE • CHECK YOUR MICROSCOPE: YOU SHOULD FIND YOUR MICROSCOPE • WITH THE STAGE ALL THE WAY _________________________. • WITH THE “___________________________” OBJECTIVE LINED UP WITH THE EYEPIECE. • TURN ON THE ___________________________________________. • TAKE YOUR ___________________________________ OR ____________________________ AND PLACE IT ON THE ___________. • USING THE COURSE ADJUSTMENT, FOCUS YOUR SPECIMEN UNTIL IT COMES INTO CLEAR VIEW. HINTS: • YOU MAY HAVE TO MOVE THE SLIDE AROUND ON THE STAGE. • YOU MAY HAVE TO ADJUST THE LIGHT ENTERING THROUGH THE DIAPHRAGM. • ONCE YOUR FOCUS IS CLEAR, MAKE SURE YOUR SPECIMEN IS IN THE CENTER OF THE “FIELD OF VIEW” • ONCE YOUR SPECIMEN IS IN CLEAR VIEW, TURN THE TURRET TO THE _________________________________________________ OBJECTIVE. • USING THE _______________________________________ OBJECTIVE, FOCUS YOUR SPECIMEN UNTIL IT COMES INTO CLEAR VIEW. • ONCE YOUR SPECIMEN IS IN CLEAR VIEW, TURN THE TURRET TO THE ______________________________________________ OBJECTIVE. • USING ONLY THE _____________________ ADJUSTMENT, FOCUS YOUR SPECIMEN UNTIL IT COMES INTO CLEAR VIEW. • NOTE:NEVER USE THE ___________________________________ WHEN YOU ARE USING THE HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE.