Define the following term:

1. Define the following term: • Psychosocial needs • needs having to do with social interaction, emotions, intellect, and spirituality.

2. 1. Identify basic human needs • A human being has six basic physical needs: • Food and water • Protection and shelter • Activity • Sleep and rest • Safety • Comfort, freedom from pain

3. 1. Identify basic human needs • Think about this question: • What tasks do you perform as an NA to help residents meet their physical needs?

4. 1. Identify basic human needs • A human being has the following psychosocial needs: • Love and affection • Acceptance by others • Security • Self-reliance and independence in daily living • Interaction with other people • Success and self-esteem

5. 1. Identify basic human needs • Think about these questions: • How do people respond when their psychosocial needs are not met? • How do you think these strong negative feelings might interfere with a resident’s health?

6. Transparency 3-1: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

7. 1. Identify basic human needs • Think about this question: • What do self-esteem and self-actualization mean to you?

8. Define the following term: • Masturbation • to touch or rub sexual organs in order to give oneself or another person sexual pleasure.

9. 1. Identify basic human needs • Remember these important points about sexual needs and situations: • People continue to have sexual needs throughout their lives. • Humans express their sexuality through different behaviors. • Knock and wait for a response before entering residents’ rooms. • Provide privacy if you encounter a sexual situation. • Do not judge any sexual behavior you see. • Honor “Do Not Disturb” signs.

10. Handout 3-1: Myths About Older Adults and Sexuality • Myth #1: Older men are not capable of having sexual relations. • There are some physical changes that may alter the way a couple engages in sexual relations. The man may need more direct contact, may take longer, and may need longer between relations to perform again. However, many men continue to have satisfying relations well into old age. • Myth #2: After menopause older women are not interested in sexual relations. • Many women relax and enjoy sex more in later years. With no fear of pregnancy, and older children leaving home, many women feel much freer. There may be some physical changes, such as less lubrication, but there are remedies available. Communication with her physician is important. The reason many older women stop having sexual relations is because they lose their partners when their husbands die.

11. Handout 3-1: Myths About Older Adults and Sexuality (cont’d.) • Myth #3: Any expression of sexuality by older people is either disgusting or cute. • This attitude deprives older people of their right to dignity and respect. Older adults have the same needs and rights to express their sexuality as other age groups and they may do so in the same ways. In all age groups there is a wide variety of behavior. This is true of older people also.

12. Handout 3-1: Myths About Older Adults and Sexuality (cont’d.) • It is true, however, that our society discourages this expression by the messages we send through our jokes, advertisements, and the media. Older people see and hear these messages and may believe that there is something wrong with them if they feel or act on their desires.

13. 1. Identify basic human needs • As an NA you can help your residents with their spiritual needs: • Learn about their religion. • Assist with practices (never make judgments). • Encourage participation in religious services if they are religious. • Respect all religious items. • Report requests to see clergy to nurse. • Get to know resident’s priest, rabbi, or minister. • Allow privacy for clergy visits. • If asked, read religious materials aloud. • Refer resident to spiritual resources if requested.

14. Transparency 3-2: Not Permitted • You should never: • Try to change someone’s religion • Tell a resident his/her belief or religion is wrong • Express judgments about a religious group • Insist that a resident join religious activities • Interfere with religious practices

15. 1. Identify basic human needs • Think about these questions: • Why should you not be judgmental about other people’s beliefs? • Why shouldn’t you impose your beliefs on your residents? • Would your political ideas be appropriate conversation with your resident or his family? • What are some appropriate topics of conversation with residents and their families?

16. Define the following term: • Holistic care • a type of care that involves considering a whole system, such as a whole person, rather than dividing the system into parts.

17. 2. Define “holistic care” • Think about this question: • How does the term “holistic” apply to caregiving and what does it mean to care for the “whole person?”

18. 3. Explain why promoting independence and self-care is important • Think about these questions: • What are some of the major adjustments and changes you’ve experienced in your life? • How would you feel if you had to move into an LTC facility?

19. 3. Explain why promoting independence and self-care is important • Imagine the losses residents may be experiencing: • Loss of spouse, family, or friends • Loss of workplace • Loss of ability to go places • Loss of home and personal possessions • Loss of ability to attend religious services and meetings • Loss of ability to care for themselves • Loss of ability to move freely • Loss of pets • Can you think of any others?

20. 3. Explain why promoting independence and self-care is important • Residents may encounter these problems due to lack of independence: • Poor self-image • Anger • Feelings of helplessness, sadness, and hopelessness • Feelings of uselessness • Increased dependence • Depression

21. 3. Explain why promoting independence and self-care is important • As an NA you can promote independence in these ways: • Encourage residents to do as much as possible for themselves no matter how long it takes. • Be patient. • Allow residents to make choices.

22. 3. Explain why promoting independence and self-care is important • REMEMBER: • Never treat residents like children. Respect the fact that they can make their own choices and always encourage self-care.

23. Define the following term: • Cultural diversity • the variety of people with varied backgrounds and experiences who live and work together in the world.

24. 4. Identify ways to accommodate cultural differences • Culture plays a part in determining all of these things: • Language • Religion • Food preferences • Degree of comfort with touch

25. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices • Understanding a little bit about common religious groups in America may be useful. Common types of religions, listed alphabetically, follow: • Buddhism: Buddhism started in Asia but has many followers in other parts of the world. Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, called “Buddha.” Buddhists believe that life is filled with suffering that is caused by desire, and that suffering ends when desire ends. Buddhism emphasizes meditation. Proper conduct and wisdom release a person from desire, suffering, and a repeating sequence of births and deaths (reincarnation). Nirvana is the highest spiritual plane a person can reach. It is the state of peace and freedom from worry and pain. The Dalai Lama is considered to be the highest spiritual leader.

26. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices (cont’d.) • Christianity: Christians believe Jesus Christ was the son of God and that he died so their sins would be forgiven. Christians may be Catholic or Protestant. There are many subgroups or denominations (such as Baptists, Episcopalians, Evangelicals, Lutherans, Methodists, Mormons, and Presbyterians). Christians may go to church on Saturdays or Sundays. They may read the Bible, including the Old and New Testaments, take communion as a symbol of Christ’s sacrifice, and be baptized. Some Christians may try to share their beliefs and convert others to their faith. Religious leaders may be called priests, ministers, pastors, or • deacons.

27. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices (cont’d.) • Hinduism: Hinduism is the dominant faith of India; it is also practiced elsewhere. Hindus follow the teachings of ancient scriptures like the Vedas and Upanishads, as well as other major scriptures. Hindu beliefs vary widely; there may be a belief in only one God or in multiple gods. Worship can occur at a temple or at home. Hindus believe in reincarnation, which is a belief that some part of a living being survives death to be reborn in a new body. Hindus also believe in karma, which is the belief that all past and present deeds affect one’s future and future lives. Hindus advocate respect for all life, and some Hindus are vegetarians. Vegetarians do not eat any meat. Hindus who do eat meat almost always refrain from eating beef.

28. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices (cont’d.) • Islam: Muslims, or followers of Mohammed, believe that Allah (God) wants people to follow the teachings of the prophet Mohammed as recorded in the Koran. Many Muslims pray five times a day facing Mecca, the holy city for their religion. Muslims worship at mosques and generally do not drink alcohol or eat pork. There are other dietary restrictions, too. There is a variety of Islamic religious leaders.

29. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices (cont’d.) • Judaism: Judaism is divided into Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox movements. Jews believe that God gave them laws through Moses and in the Bible, and that these laws should order their lives. Jewish services are held on Friday evenings and sometimes on Saturdays, in synagogues or temples. Some Jewish men wear a yarmulke, or small skullcap, as a sign of their faith. Some Jews follow special dietary restrictions. Jewish people may not do certain things, such as work or drive, on the Sabbath. This lasts from Friday sundown to Saturday sundown. Religious leaders are called rabbis. • Confucianism, which is practiced in China and Japan, is another major world religion. Native Americans follow many spiritual traditions.

30. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices (cont’d.) • Some people may not believe in God or a higher power and identify themselves as “agnostic.” Agnostics claim that they do not know or cannot know if God exists. They do not deny that God might exist, but they feel there is no true knowledge of God’s existence. Atheists are people who claim that there is no God. This is different from what agnostics believe. Atheists actively deny the existence of God. For many atheists, this belief is as strongly held as any religious belief.

31. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices (cont’d.) • Many religious beliefs include dietary restrictions. These are rules about what and when followers can eat. Some examples are listed below. • • Many Buddhists are vegetarians, though some include fish in their diet. • • Some Catholics do not eat meat on Fridays during Lent. • • Many Jewish people eat kosher foods, do not eat pork, and do not eat lobster, shrimp, and clams (shellfish). Kosher food is food prepared in accordance with Jewish dietary laws. Kosher and non-kosher foods cannot come into contact with the same plates. Jews may not eat meat products at the same meal with dairy products. • • Mormons may not drink alcohol, coffee, or tea or eat chocolate. Mormons often abstain from smoking tobacco.

32. Handout 3-2: Religions and Dietary Practices (cont’d.) • Religious dietary practices (cont’d.): • • Many Muslims do not eat pork or shellfish. Certain birds may need to be avoided, too. They may not drink alcohol. Muslims may have regular periods of fasting. Fasting means not eating food or eating very little food. • • Some people are vegetarians and do not eat any meat for religious, moral, or health reasons. • • Some people are vegans. Vegans do not eat any animals or animal products, such as eggs or dairy products. Vegans may also not use or wear any animal products, including wool and leather.

33. 5. Describe the need for activity • Physical activity has the following benefits: • Lessens risk of illness • Relieves symptoms of depression • Improves mood and concentration • Improves body function • Lowers risk of falls • Improves sleep • Improves ability to cope with stress • Increases energy • Increases appetite

34. 5. Describe the need for activity • Inactivity and mobility can cause many problems for residents: • Loss of self-esteem • Depression • Boredom • Pneumonia • Urinary tract infection • Constipation • Blood clots • Dulling of the senses

35. 5. Describe the need for activity • Think about this question: • What activities do you think might be fun and appropriate for residents?

36. 6. Discuss family roles and their significance in health care • There are many types of families: • Single-parent families • Nuclear families • Blended families • Multigenerational families • Extended families • Unmarried couples • Same-sex couples

37. 6. Discuss family roles and their significance in health care • Families play an important role in the care of residents. They are vital in these and other ways: • Making care decisions • Communicating with the care team • Providing support and encouragement • Connecting to the outside world • Giving assurance

38. 6. Discuss family roles and their significance in health care • NAs must treat residents’ families and friends in a professional manner: • Be respectful and nice • Allow privacy for visits • Observe and report effects of visits on residents.

39. 6. Discuss family roles and their significance in health care • REMEMBER: • Take the time to ask families questions. • Communicate with the families and show them that you have time for them.

40. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Stages of development include: • Infancy (birth to 12 months) • Grow and develop quickly • Development is from head down • Childhood: The Toddler Period (1 to 3 years) • Formerly dependent, now gain independence and body control • Learn to speak, gain coordination and bladder and bowel control • May have tantrums or whine to get their way

41. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Stages of development (cont’d.): • Childhood: The Preschool Years (3 to 6 years) • More social relationships • Play cooperatively and learn language • Know right from wrong • Childhood: School-Age Children (6 to 12 years) • Cognitive development (thinking and learning) • Get along with others in peer group • Develop a conscience and self-esteem

42. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Stages of development (cont’d.): • Puberty and Adolescence (12 to 18 years) • Secondary sex characteristics appear • Reproductive organs begin to function • Concern for body and peer acceptance • Changing moods • Interact with opposite sex • Young Adulthood (18 to 40 years) • Select a career • Select and live with a mate • Raise children • Develop satisfying sex life

43. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Stages of development (cont’d.): • Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) • More comfortable and stable • May have “mid-life crisis” • Late Adulthood (65 years and older) • Many physical and psychosocial changes • Loss of physical health • Loss of friends and jobs

44. Define the following term: • Ageism • prejudice toward, stereotyping of, and/or discrimination against older persons or the elderly.

45. Transparency 3-3: True or False? • People over 80 years old cannot live by themselves. • Most older adults are lonely and depressed. • Older adults are not able to adjust to changes. • Most older adults are ill or disabled in some way. • Older adults can stay active by pursuing favorite hobbies. • Good health can help older adults live independently. • Normal changes of aging do not include diseases, disabilities, or dependence on others.

46. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Remember these facts about aging: • People have many different capabilities. • Stereotypes are false. • Older persons are usually active. • Aging is a normal process, not a disease. • Aging persons need to adjust to change. • They do not need to be dependent.

47. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Aging brings many normal changes: • Thinner, drier, more fragile, and less elastic skin • Weaker muscles • Bones more brittle • Sensitivity of nerve endings in skin decreases • Responses and reflexes slow • Short-term memory loss • Changes in senses

48. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Normal changes of aging (cont’d.): • Less efficient heart • Oxygen in blood decreases • Decreased appetite • More frequent elimination • Changes in hormone production • Weakened immunity • Change in lifestyle

49. 7. Describe the stages of human development • Aging also may bring changes not considered normal: • Depression • Loss of ability to think logically • Poor nutrition • Shortness of breath • Incontinence

50. 7. Describe the stages of human development • REMEMBER: • It is important that you report ALL changes in residents.