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THE REFORMATION

THE REFORMATION. (TO CHANGE OR REORGANIZE). CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION. Forces that weakened the Catholic Church : New emphasis on secular (worldly) & individuals vs. religion (Middle Ages) Merchants want to be leaders, not Church clergy/popes

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THE REFORMATION

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  1. THE REFORMATION (TO CHANGE OR REORGANIZE)

  2. CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION • Forces that weakened the Catholic Church: • New emphasis on secular (worldly) & individuals vs. religion (Middle Ages) • Merchants want to be leaders, not Church clergy/popes • Merchants did not want to pay TITHES (taxes) to Church • Printing press spreading ideas faster! • Church clergy corrupt & poorly educated!

  3. MARTIN LUTHER • Monk from Wittenberg, GER. • Took stand against church’s INDULGENCES: pardon that bought your way into heaven • Posted 95 THESES on Church door attacking this idea & “pardon merchants”, Oct. 31st, 1517 • Began the Reformation movement for religious reform

  4. M. LUTHER’S THREE MAIN IDEAS • 1. Can only win salvation by faith alone in God • 2. Bible is ultimate authority & all teachings should be based on it • 3. All people with faith are equal before God

  5. WHAT HAPPENED TO M. LUTHER? • Pope was unhappy! • Threatened Luther with EXCOMMUNICATION (kick out) unless he RECANT (take back) his statements • Luther threw decree in a bonfire & Pope excommunicated Luther  Edict of Worms (outlaw & heretic) • Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) was ANGRY & sent him to Town of Worms for trial

  6. WILL LUTHER RETURN? • A prince sheltered Luther for 2 years • Luther translated New Testament into German • Luther returns! • Found priests now dressing in regular clothes & called ministers • Now leading church service in German, not Latin! • New religious sect: LUTHERANS

  7. REVOLT AGAINST LUTHER • 1524 German peasants like Luther’s ideas  demand end to serfdom (slavery) & started a revolt • Luther mad! Told German princes to crush revolt successful • Peasants felt betrayed & rejected Luther

  8. GERMANY AT WAR, Part I • Most northern German princes supported Lutheranism  went against Pope • Signed a protest against the Church • Protesting Princes  PROTESTANT • term applied to Christians belonging to non-Catholic Churches

  9. GERMANY AT WAR, PART II • Holy Roman Emperor CHARLES V (Hapsburg family) went to war against Protestant Princes & defeated them • But couldn’t make them come back to the Catholic Church • Tired of fighting  signed PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555) • Religion of each German state be decided by its ruler (own Pope)

  10. ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT • TUDOR FAMILY: King Henry VIII wants a son, but wife too old! • Divorce not allowed (Pope’s rule) • Henry calls Parliament (government) to pass laws that end Pope’s power in England  REFORMATION PARLIAMENT • Henry marries Anne Boleyn

  11. NO MORE POPE IN ENGLAND • ACT OF SUPREMACY: Made English King—not the pope—the head of England’s Church

  12. HENRY VIII’s CHILDREN • Henry’s 3 kids: Mary, Elizabeth, & Edward • Edward ruled for 6 years, then died • Mary took over & was Catholic, so turned Church back over to the pope! • Mary pushed out, and Elizabeth restores Protestantism • She becomes head of the Church of England, or ANGLICAN CHURCH

  13. SPANISH ARMADA • Mary’s husband, King Philip II of Spain (Catholic), was angry & planned attack on England • Sent 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, & 19,000 soldiers • England defeated the Spanish (under Elizabeth’s rule)

  14. REFORMATION SPREADS • Word spreads to France to JOHN CALVIN • Writes book that says all humans are sinful & CAN’T EARN salvation  only a few are already CHOSEN • PREDESTINATION = God has already chosen those to save (predetermined) • New religion, CALVINISM (Protestant sect); based out of Geneva, Switz.  STRICT!

  15. PROTESTANTS VS. CATHOLICS • Princes in North Germany converting to Protestantism (no more Pope) • Hapsburg Family & Holy Roman Empire in South Germany still support Roman Catholic Church • Begins war  Charles V defeats Protestant Princes, but can’t get them to convert back • In France, Catholics vs. Huguenots (Fr. Protestants) went to war frequently

  16. STILL FIGHTING DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN , you already have this information! • PEACE OF AUGSBURG= says each state’s ruler free to choose religion • Peace short-lived  Small states around Holy Roman Empire converting to Protestantism; tensions high • Leads to THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

  17. CATHOLIC REFORMATION • Movement to help keep Catholics stay loyal • COUNTER-REFORMATION: Catholic church has lost so many people • Ignatius of Loyola creates Society of Jesus (JESUITS) to spread Catholic word again & stop Protestantism • Sent out INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS

  18. LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION • 1. Protestant churches flourish • 2. Religion no longer unites Europe • 3. Individual monarchs & states gain power (church declines) • 4. Helped set stage for modern world

  19. COUNCIL OF TRENT • Catholic bishops agreed on these doctrines: • 1. Church’s interpretation of Bible was final • 2. Christians need BOTH faith and good works for salvation (opposite of Luther) • 3. Bible and Church are equal authorities • 4. Indulgences are valid expressions of faith (but false selling was banned)

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