TANTALUS:

3. TANTALUS: • king of SIPYLUS (region in Lydia). Son of ZEUS and an OCEANID named PLUTO (NOT the same as the Roman underworld god!). • Married a PLEIADE – DIONE. 3 children. • NIOBE – yes, that one. • BROTEAS – refused to honor ARTEMIS, driven mad by her so thata he burned himself to death under the illusion that he was impervious to fire. • PELOPS.

4. T. was intimate and favorite of Zeus. • BUT • When guest on Olympus, stole nectar and ambrosia and gave them to mortal friends. Also divulged divine secrets. • Stole Zeus’s pet – a golden dog (or hid it for the thief PANDAREUS)

5. Then did something even worse. • Invited gods to a feast. • Killed his own son PELOPS, dismembered the body and served the flesh in a stew. • Omniscient guests saw through this and did not eat, except for distraught DEMETER who ate a piece of P.’s left shoulder. Zeus restored P. to life and Demeter gave him a shoulder of ivory. • To punish him for his blasphemy against the gods and goddesses Zeus crushed T. under a cliff of Mt. Sipylus and then condemned him to eternal torment in Tartarus. Hung from fruit tree over pool of water. Fruit always moved away from his grasp and water always receded from him when he tried to drink – eternal hunger and thirst. Also immense rock always over his head threatening to fall on him.

8. Tantalus. Willi Glasauer, Pencil drawing, 1864

9. Ixion • The most complete account of Ixion's tale comes from Pindar in his Pythian Odes. • Ixion was the son of the Phlegyas, descendent of Ares, and king of the Lapiths in Thessaly. • known as the first human to shed kindred blood. This occurred when Ixion invited his father-in-law, Deioneus, to come and collect the price that Ixion owed him for his bride. Upon his arrival, Deioneus fell into a pit filled with burning coals Ixion had camouflaged. • Crime new to the human race, nobody could purify Ixion and he wandered an exile. Zeus took pity on him and decided not only to purify Ixion, but to invite him to Olympus as a guest. • Once in Olympus though, Ixion got interested in Hera, and wanted to sleep with her. Zeus did not believe that Ixion would be so disrespectful as to try for the wife of his host. • Made an image of Hera out of a cloud, and Ixion impregnated it. The cloud bore the monster Centaurus, unloved by the Graces and had no honor among men or the gods. Centaurus mated with the mares of Mt. Pelion in Magnesia, and so from Ixion the race of centaurs was born. • To punish him, Zeus bound Ixion to a winged (sometimes flaming) wheel, which revolved in the air in all directions. Also, by order of the gods, Ixion was forced to call out continuously call out: "You should show gratitude to your benefactor." Ixion became one of the more famous sinners on display on Tartarus, and most writers mention him when describing the place. For example, Ovid wrote of him, and Vergil, with his moralistic interpretation of how sin should be punished, awards Ixion a special mention in the Aenead.

11. The Danaids • the fifty daughters of King Danaus • forty-nine of them are sentenced to eternally fill bottomless/broken vesels with water. • Their father leaves Egypt and settles in Argos while he fears that he will be assassinated by his brother King Aegyptus and his fifty sons. The fifty sons come to Danaus and ask for the girls’ hands in marriage. Danaus consents but under false pretense. • On the wedding night, Danaus ordered his daughters to kill their husbands with daggers. All the Danaids kill their husbands but one; Hypermnestra loves her Lynceus and refuses. • The remaining Danaids marry the Argives who have won their favor. However, Lynceus avenges the deaths of his brothers and kills all 49 of the Danaids and in Tartarus they receive the punishment of filling bottomless barrels with water.

17. Adventures in the Underworld Continued. Orpheus in the Underworld.

18. Poet & lyrist • Poss. Greatest of all musicians in Greek myth. • Son of Apollo and Calliope, muse muse of epic poetry • Became master of the lyre, playing enchanted every living thing. Soothed savage beasts and moved all of nature. • As young man joined journey of Jason and the Argonauts – playing saved the ship from fighting AND from the SIRENS.

19. In homeland of TRHACE fell in love with EURYDICE and married her – happieness like none before. • Beekeeper ARISTAEUS, also son of Apollo also wanted Eurydice.. When she fled from him she stepped on a venomous serpent which bit her and died from the poison. • Orpheus could not live without her, together with his lyre wnet down to the underworld. • Even in the underworld his playing proved to be enchanting, the ferryman CHARON, the three-headed guard dog and the three Judges of the Dead all let him pass. Even the damned received release from their tortures while he played. • Even Hades and Persephone gave into it. Agreed to return Eurydice to life – catch – As he returned to the uperworld, he could not turn back and look at her until they were boith in the light of the sun. BUT he did look back and she faded away, becoming a shadow. • O. could not get back to the underworld.

20. Did not live long. • Multiple versions • Established rite to sacrifice to his father Apollo calling him greatest of all gods – pissed of Dionysus for O.’s refusal to honor him, sent maenads to tear him apart and they ripped him up • Maenads each wanted O. for herself and refused to give up her claim and they ripped him up • O’s continuing fidelity to Eurydice and renunciation of love forever enraged women of Thrace and they ripped him up • Mother and other muses gathered scattered pieces. Buried all but the head in PIERIA – O’s birthplace and one of the favorite places of the muses. The still singing head of Orpheus and his lyre floated across the sea to the island of LESBOS. People of Lesbos buried his head and were rewarded with the gift of music. His lyre became the constellation LYRA.

21. Orpheus charms animals

26. Orpheus and Eurydice

32. Death of Orpheus

35. ODYSSEUS • Lost on high seas after fall of Troy • Instructed by witch Circe to seek advice from ghost of TIRESIAS – she tells them that they will have to visit the death realm to talk to the seer Tiresias to get instructions on how to get home. • Cimmerian city - CIMMERIANS – real people. In Homer’s time lived north of black sea – was to ancient Greeks really the end of the world. Mythologized by Homer – extreme west by river Ocean which separated the land of the living from the dd. Place where sun never shines and ghosts could be approached.

36. Necromancy: “divination by means of the dead”. Necromantic rite. Idea that the dead know more – can get to the secrets. • Psyche (pl. psychai) • Dig pit & pour in Honey, milk, wine, barely-water, blood of slaughtered sheep. Summon ghosts • Many - Minimal sensual capacity or intelligence. Only enough to sense blood and enough will to want it. • Elpenor (?) – comrade • Teiresias/Tiresias – seer • Antiklea (mother) • Heroines, esp. Epikaste (Iokasta) • Comrades: Agamemnon, Achilles, Aias (Ajax) • Heroes: Active: Minos, Orion, Herakles • Punished: Tityos, Tantalos, Sisyphus. Cf. Ixion, Danaids, Oknos (Ocnus) • ACHILLES – reply – summarizes Greek pessimistic view.

38. MONSTERS

39. Monsters • Size: change from Natural size of things • Multpiplication of body parts or fewer of htem • Blend parts of different naturally ooccurring animals • Manufacturing – add some feature that doesn’t occur in nature (skin made out of metal).

40. HEROES

41. DEMIGODS & HEROES • Heroes: • Hero type: • Men and women of the prehistoric period – ‘Heroic Age’ • Protectors • Hera – protectress • Great person of old • Usually with one mortal and one divine parent • Normally associated with a Greek deed. • Eventually died and had a ‘hero-cult’ after he died. Remains considered especially powerful. • Modern idea of hero. • In story – protagonist – most important. • Physical strength • Skill • Cleverness

42. Hesiod: timeline: • Chaos  Establishment of cosmic order (cosmos)  creation of humans  loss of paradise/degredation  Great Deluge  second creation of heroes  Age of Heroes  Historical Period.

43. Hero story • Biography, birth + Growth  dth. • Local reference • One mortal, one immortal parent • Often fits into pattern “2 father figures” • Hero finally dies since he is part mortal.

44. Hero Pattern • Birth • (blank) • quest • success • princess • revenge • rule • death

45. Hero Pattern • 2 father figures: ‘mentor’ and role analogous to good or bad father: One will be beneficent or passive and one will be hostile. • Birth: • Usually born under unusual circumstances. Often includes danger for baby. Birth attended by unusual circumstances. • Blank: • Stories don’t generally say anything from after the birth to middle/late teens • Assignment of Quest: • At this point significant meeting with hostile father figure, usually in foreign land, who assigns quest in veiled attempt to destroy him. • Success: • Hero then is successful. • Then gets foreign bride – normally a princess. • Revenge: • Returns, confronts hostile father figure and destroys him. • Rule: Returns and rules: • Either founds city or rules city. • Dies

46. ODYSSEUS • Lost on high seas after fall of Troy • Instructed by witch Circe to seek advice from ghost of TIRESIAS – she tells them that they will have to visit the death realm to talk to the seer Tiresias to get instructions on how to get home. • Cimmerian city • CIMMERIANS – real people. In Homer’s time lived north of black sea – was to ancient Greeks really the end of the world. Mythologized by Homer – extreme west by river Ocean which separated the land of the living from the dd. Place where sun never shines and ghosts could be approached. • Necromancy: “divination by means of the dead”. Necromantic rite. Idea that the dead know more – can get to the secrets. • Psyche (pl. psychai) • Dig pit & pour in Honey, milk, wine, barely-water, blood of slaughtered sheep. Summon ghosts • Many - Minimal sensual capacity or intelligence • Only enough to sense the blood and enough will to want it.

47. Elpenor (?) – comrade • Teiresias/Tiresias – seer • Antiklea (mother) • Heroines, esp. Epikaste (Iokasta) • Comrades: Agamemnon, Achilles, Aias (Ajax) • Heroes • Active: Minos, Orion, Herakles • Punished: Tityos, Tantalos, Sisyphus. • Cf. Ixion, Danaids, Oknos (Ocnus) • ACHILLES – reply – summarizes Greek pessimistic view.

49. Monsters: • Size: change from Natural size of things • Multiplication of body parts or fewer of them • Blend parts of different naturally occurring animals • Manufacturing – add some feature that doesn’t occur in nature (skin made out of metal).

50. HEROES • Hero type: • Men and women of the prehistoric period – ‘Heroic Age’ • Protectors • Hera – protectress • Great person of old • Usually with one mortal and one divine parent • Normally associated with a Greek deed. • Eventually died and had a ‘hero-cult’ after he died. Remains considered especially powerful. • Similar to modern idea of hero. • In story – protagonist – most important. • Physical strength • Skill • Cleverness