Work Environment Physics

1. Work Environment Physics PhD Katarzyna Jach Katarzyna.jach@pwr.edu.pl http://ksz.pwr.edu.pl/ office hours: B1 building r. 415c

2. Grading requirements • Passing the final test (two last lecture 13.06 and 19.06) • Alternative: grading by activity

3. Work Environment Physics = Ergonomics

4. Work Environment Physics = Ergonomics • Ergonomic design • Work environment factors • Microclimate • Noise • Lighting • Ergonomic workload • Accessibility, usability ….

5. Outline • Work Environment Physics – what is this? • History • Ergonomic design

6. Ergonomics Nazwiskiem Ergonomji, wziętem od wyrazu greckiego ergon – praca i nomos – prawo, zasada, oznaczamy Naukę o Pracy czyli o używaniu nadanych człowiekowi od Stwórcy siły i zdolności. Wojciech Bogumił Jastrzębowski, 1857, Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o pracy, opartej na prawdach poczerpniętych z Nauki Przyrody (The Outline of Ergonomics, i.e. Science of Work, Based on the Truths Taken from the Natural Science).

7. History of ergonomics Australopitec’s tools Paleolit tools Contemprorary tools

8. History of ergonomics • Ancient Greece (5th century BC) used ergonomic principles in the design of their tools, jobs, and workplaces • Hippocrates – description of how a surgeon's workplace should be designed and how the tools he uses should be arranged

9. History of ergonomics • Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) was aware of repetitive movement injuries to workers. • Clerks • Cobblers and tailors • Porters

10. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) • Research for work capability • Work time measurement • Scientific method of work organizing • Scientific management • 1903 – Shop Management • 1911 – Scientific Management

11. The research of shoveling Purpose: Load optimization Shovel shape optimization Method: searching for the best relation between load weight and workers’ capacity 11

12. The research of shoveling • Shovel type related to shoveled material • Optimal load 10 kg± 1 kg • Tools supplied by employer

13. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth „Time and Motion Studies". • Improving efficiency by eliminating unnecessary steps and actions • Chronocyclography • Example: bricklaying

14. Therblig – classification of work activities

15. Motion analysis • reduction the number of motions in bricklaying from 18 to 4.5, allowing bricklayers to increase their productivity from 120 to 350 bricks per hour

16. History of ergonomics • World War II: development of new and complex machines and weaponry • New demands on operators' cognition • Key success factors: • hand-eye coordination of the machine's operator • decision-making • attention • situational awareness • Pilot error reduction

17. History of ergonomics, Alphonse Chapanis (1917-2002)

18. History of ergonomics • Systematic investigations of toleration limits of physical, mental and environment overload • Rational principles of device design • International organisations: • 1949 – Ergonomic Society (Great Britain) • 1977 – Polish Ergonomic Society - Polskie Towarzystwo Ergonomiczne (PTErg)

19. Ergonomics Science about relation between human beings and their work environment. /Kenneth Frank Hywel Murrell 1949/

20. Ergonomics • Ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace environment to fit the user

21. Ergonomics Human Machine Work Environment Utmost Goal: “Humanization” of Work

22. The Basics of Ergonomics

23. Ergon – workNomos – law Ergonomics = laws of work Science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population

24. Ergonomic study areas • WORKERS - what they bring to the job • TOOLS - what they bring to the worker • TASKS - what the worker must do • ENVIRONMENT- the conditionssurrounding the worker and the tool

25. Ergonomic focus The Task The Tool The User /Operator The Work Station and Environment

26. Ergonomics • Ergonomics is the science of improving employee performance and well-being in relation to the • job tasks • equipment, • the environment. • Ergonomics is a continuous improvement effort to design the workplace for what people do well, and design against what people don’t do well.

27. Ergonomics Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. /IEA - International Ergonomics Association (2000)/

28. Human – Millieu system Millieu Material environment • microclimate • lighting • noise Technical devices • Work tools • Transport • Supporting equipment Human Physical features • Anatomy • Body measures • Physiology • Stamina Psychological features • memory • perception • attention

29. Human Being Anthropometry Anatomy Biomechanics Kinesiology Physiology Psychology Sociology Organisation Work organisation Quality management Marketing Technics Mechanical engineering Industrial design Steering Sources or ergonomic knowledge

30. Decreased injury risk Decreased mistakes/rework Decreased turnover Decreased lost work days (absence) Increased efficiency Increased productivity Improved morale Benefits of Ergonomics

31. Costs • Economical • Direct • Indirect • Moral loss • Biological – ability of sustaining different kind of load (physical, psychical and environmental)

37. Percentage share of factors related to working environment (Polish Central Statistical Office, 2012)

38. Ergonomics Human Machine Work Environment Utmost Goal: “Humanization” of Work

39. Ergonomics • Ergonomics is the science of improving employee performance and well-being in relation to the • job tasks • equipment, • the environment. • Ergonomics is a continuous improvement effort to design the workplace for what people do well, and design against what people don’t do well.

40. The division of ergonomics • Mikroergonomics • perception • antropometrics • human – device systems • cognitive and decision making processes • Human Computer Interaction (HCI) • Macroergonomics – organizations as complex systems I generation II generation III generation

41. The division of ergonomics • Physical ergonomics - human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity • Cognitive ergonomics - mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system • Organizational ergonomics - optimization of socio technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes

42. Physical ergonomics • Biomechanical overload • Layout design • Steering and control design • Workstation design • Work environment

43. Cognitive ergonomics • mental workload • decision-making • human-computer interaction • human reliability • work stress • Work training

44. Organisational ergonomics • Communication • Crew resource management • Work design • Teamwork • Community ergonomics • Cooperative work • Virtual organizations • Quality management

45. The division of ergonomics • Corrective ergonomics – the improvement of the existing state • Conceptive ergonomics – proper design

46. Corrective ergonomics efects • 24% efficiency increase among users of ergonomic workstations • Research of Marvin Daindoff dla NIOSH (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) • 20% efficiency increase after buying the ergonomic furniture • Illinois University,1990 • Personnel turnover decrease from 35% to 2% • Regional Bell Operating Company

47. Ergonomic design

48. Stages of ergonomic design • Body measures • Biomechanical activity • User – workstation relations

49. Body measures • Most important for design • Human body is the main part of every workstation • Variety of body measures • In population • Purpose: designing for everyone

50. Standard distribution Mode Median Mean 90% of population Restraining values – 5 and 95 percentile AverageAdult Women Men