Santrock: Chapter 4 Feldman: Modules 4-1 & 4-2

1. Santrock: Chapter 4Feldman: Modules 4-1 & 4-2 • Injury and Illness through the Lifespan

2. Children

3. Influences on Physical Growth & Health – Infectious Diseases • 70% of deaths in children under age 5 are due to infectious diseases • 99% are in developing countries and are related to malnutrition • Most death due to diarrhea can be prevented by oral rehydration therapy (ORH)

4. Children’s Health - Prevention • Immunization • Meningitis, measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox, polio • Accidents • Poisonings, falls, drowning, choking • Poverty • Good medical care, nutrition, living conditions

5. Influences on Physical Growth & Health - Immunization • Immunization has caused a dramatic decline in childhood diseases in the industrialized world • 24% of American preschoolers lack essential immunizations (40% in poverty) • Availability of care • Misconceptions (MMR & autism)

6. Influences on Physical Growth & Health – Otitis media • 70+% of American children have had at least one bout by age 3 • Xylitol may be a preventative • Tubes remain controversial • Child-care settings should control infection • May cause problems in language development due to hearing problems

7. Health - Middle to Late Childhood • This is generally a healthy time • The most common vision problem (25%) is myopia (nearsightedness), which progresses more rapidly during the school year. • Otitis media becomes less prevalent.

8. Asthma • 19% of N.A. children have chronic diseases and conditions • Asthma accounts for 1/3 of chronic illness and is the most common reason fro school absence • Incidence has increased dramatically, 8% of U.S. children—boys, low SES, parents smoke, born underweight most at risk

9. Injuries in Early Childhood • Leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized countries. • Motor vehicle collisions are the most frequent source of injury at all ages & the leading cause of death among children over 1 year old • Auto accidents, drownings and burns are the most common accidents of early childhood

10. Injuries in Middles to Late Childhood • The rate of injury fatalities increases into adolescence with rates for boys rising considerably above those for girls. • MV accidents are still the leading cause of death, with bicycle accidents next. • Parents often overestimate children’s safety knowledge and behavior

11. A Problem for All Ages

12. Obesity: U. S. & Western Nations There has been a marked rise in obesity in the U.S. and other Western nations. Percentage doubled since 1980; quadrupled since 1965 U.S. may have 2nd highest rate 15% of U.S. children 6-11 overweight Less common in African American than white children; trend reverses in adolescence

13. Causes of Obesity • Genetics • SES (diet); high fat, low-cost foods • Family stress (comfort food) • Pastimes (TV, videogames) and lack of exercise • Fast-food and busy schedules • Learned food preferences (schoolcafeterias)

14. Middle Adulthood: Illness & Disability • Cancer & cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death. Cancer alone among women. • Motor vehicle collisions decline, falls resulting in fractures & death nearly double. • Personality traits that magnify stress, especially hostility and anger, are serious threats to health.

15. Cardiovascular Disease • First detected factors may be high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and atherosclerosis (a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries). • Heart attack: blockage of blood supply to an area of the heart (50% die before reaching the hospital, 15% during treatment) • Other conditions include arrhythmias and angina pectoris

16. Cancer – Middle Adulthood • The death rate multiplies tenfold from early to middle adulthood. • Lung cancer has dropped in men (fewer smoke) and increased in women. • Cancer occurs when a cell‘s genetic program is disrupted, leading to uncontrolled growth. • Damage to the p53 gene is involved in 60% of cancers. This gene stops defective DNA from multiplying. • Having the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor-suppressing gene is protection against breast cancer.

17. Cancer • 40% of people with cancer are cured. • Breast cancer is most prevalent for women, prostate cancer for men. • Lung cancer is next, followed by colon/rectal cancer.

18. Adult-Onset Diabetes • Causes abnormally high levels of blood glucose • Incidence doubles from middle to late adulthood • Effects 10% of the elderly • Inactivity and abdominal fat deposits greatly increase risks • Treated with controlled diet, exercise, and weight loss

19. Arthritis • Osteoarthritis: most common and involves deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints • Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune response leading to inflammation of connective tissue, especially the membranes that line the joints • Effects 45% of American men and 52% of women over 65. Rises to 70% in women at age 85.

20. Nutrition – Obesity in Adulthood • Adult obesity correlated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, & cardiovascular disease • May be a genetic propensity for obesity. It tends to run in families. (May also be learned eating patterns.)

21. Health & Disease in Older Adulthood • Generally a continuation and intensification of problems that began in middle adulthood.

22. Physical Disabilities • Cardiovascular illness and cancer increase dramatically and remain the leading causes of death • Respiratory diseases also rise sharply • Emphysema, mostly from smoking • Pneumonia, 50 types • Stroke is the 4th most common killer • Hemmorage or blockage of blood flow in the brain

23. Chronic Conditions of Older Adulthood Arthritis Hypertension Hearing impairment Heart disease Diabetes Asthma Osteoporosis

24. Osteoporosis • Major age-related bone loss • 12 to 20 % of patients die within a year of a major break such as a hip • Patients are advised to: • Take calcium and vitamin D • Engage in weight-bearing exercise • Take HRT/ERT • Take bone-strengthening medications

25. Unintentional Injury • At age 65 and older, the death rate from unintentional injuries is at an all-time high • Due to MV accidents and falls • Older adults have higher rates of traffic violations, accidents, and fatalities per mile driven than any other age group • 30% of people over 65 and 40% of those over 80 have experienced a fall in the last year • Declines in vision, hearing and mobility make it harder to avoid hazards and keep one‘s balance