Unit 1: Course Overview Pharmacology Concepts Chapters 2 and 3

1. Unit 1: Course OverviewPharmacology ConceptsChapters 2 and 3 Welcome! Feel free to “chat” with each other. I’m here if you have any questions or comments. I’m looking forward to meeting you all! Dr. Smith

2. It’s Nice to Meet You! • Michele Smith, PharmD, RPh, CPh • Dr. Smith or Dr. S • University of Florida School of Pharmacy Graduate • Registered Pharmacist in Florida • Experience in ambulatory care and long-term care

3. Seminar Tips • Class is one hour • No apologies necessary if arriving late or leaving early • Seminars will be graded by Fridays; can still do seminar option 2 if desired • Grades based on: • Arriving on time • Staying entire seminar • Active participation throughout seminar • Please see grading rubric in syllabus for details

4. Seminar Tips • Questions encouraged! Be sure to include question mark”?”! • Benefits to attending live seminar: • Meet your classmates! • Get to know your instructor • Opportunity to ask questions • Real time practice (especially calculations!) • Tips/hints for assignments and quizzes often included • Alternative Seminar Assignments or Seminar Option 2 • Due Tuesdays 11:59 pm EST of the Unit • Power Point slides posted previous Tuesday in DocSharing • Encouraged to print out and bring to seminar for note taking

5. Course Overview • Print and Read Course Syllabus, then Read it again! • Course calendar with assignments and readings • Grading Rubrics • Course policies • AIM information • Email – usually answered within 24 hours • Email Subject Lines should include Course, Section, Username • HS140 – 03-TAllen: Question regarding Calculations

6. Late Policy • “Late work will not be accepted unless there are clear and compelling extenuatingcircumstances. If you have extenuating circumstances that prevent you from completing course assignments/exams you must contact your instructor immediately -prior to the assignment/exam/quiz due-date unless prevented from doing so by emergency circumstances. Examples of extenuating circumstances are serious personal and/or family illness/hospitalization, death in the family, weather-related evacuation/emergencies, work emergencies, and issues related to active military assignment. Personal computer/software/internet connectivity issues and course blocks are not considered extenuating circumstances. Granting of late-work submission due to extenuating circumstances is at the discretion of the instructor and will require documentation for verification of extenuating circumstances.”

7. Discussion Board • Discussion Board each week (except Unit 10) • Post initial response by Saturday • Post responses to classmates by Tuesday 11:59 pm EST • For full credit, must post 3 responses with initial response by Saturday • Encouraged to provide web links, discuss current events • Avoid discussing personal medication histories/asking advice • See Grading Rubric in Syllabus for details

8. Assignments • Save files properly – points deducted if not • username-project-unit#.doc. • For example, a student named Tina Allen would name her file TAllen-Calculations-Unit 3.doc. • For seminar: TAllen-Seminar-Unit 3.doc • Show work for math assignments to earn partial credit • Read questions thoroughly and answer all questions

9. Tips for Success • Keep up with reading – get to know the text! • Stay involved in discussions and seminars – adds interest (and points)! • Familiarize w/ resources – and use them! • Study guides for quizzes, practice worksheets, text workbook • Email, AIM • Learn Calculations – don’t just “get by” • Seek help early

10. References • Pharmacology is constantly changing • Every year…. • New drugs come into the market • Other drugs are taken off the market • New generics become available • New warnings are issued • New indications are approved

11. References • Books should be current • published within last 2 years • Websites – • www.rxlist.com • www.webmd.com • Manufacturer’s website • Must cite using APA format

12. What is a Drug? • A chemical used for a therapeutic application • Drug indications • Therapeutic • Diagnostic • Replacement • Supplemental • Preventative • Curative • Maintenance • Supportive

13. Medication Indications • Therapeutic – to relieve symptoms • Cough and cold medications • Diagnostic – to diagnose a disease or disease progression • Contrast dye for procedures • Replacement – to replace missing chemicals the body needs • Thyroid • Supplemental – to prevent deficiencies • Vitamins

14. Medication Indications • Preventative – to prevent an illness • Vaccines • Palliative – to reduce symptoms, but doesn’t cure • Pain Medications • Curative – to cure a condition • Antibiotics • Maintenance – to maintain health that may be at risk • Blood pressure medications • Supportive – to maintain “homeostasis” • Asthma “rescue” inhalers

15. What Makes a Drug? • Active ingredient • Pure, undiluted form of a chemical having an effect on body function • Inert ingredient • Little or no effect on body function • Adds flavor, bulk, color • Vehicle • Inactive ingredient carrying an active medicinal ingredient

16. Where Do Drugs Come From? • Pharmacognosy – the origins of drugs • Historically drugs come from… • Plants • Animals • Minerals • Synthetic substances (chemicals) • Recently… • Recombinant DNA technology (gene splicing)

17. What Does the Body Do to a Drug? • Involves four processes (A-D-M-E) • Absorption – movement of a drug from its administration site into the blood • Distribution – movement of a drug form the blood into tissues and cells • Metabolism –physical and chemical alteration of a drug in the body • Excretion-removal of waste products from the body

18. A - Absorption Medications are administered by three routes: GI Tract (orally) Parenteral (IV, IM, SQ) Through the skin (topical) Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998). Foundations of nursing practice. Philadelphia: Saunders.

19. How are Drugs Named? • Chemical name – based on molecular structure • N-acetyl-p-aminophenol. • Generic/nonproprietary name –USP/NF official name • Lowercase • acetaminophen • Trade/Brand/Proprietary name- manufacturer’s registered name for the drug while it is under patent • Tylenol

20. What Can Affect Absorption? • Solubility – tendency of a drug to dissolve • pH-acidic drugs are easily absorbed in the stomach • Absence or presence of food in the stomach – food slows absorption rate • Fat solubility-medications high in fat are easily absorbed in the stomach

21. Topical Factors to Consider • Topical drugs’ absorption depends on: • Length of time in contact with skin • Skin thickness • Composition of vehicle (cream, ointment) • Topical medications can be dangerous in elderly patients as thinner skin may absorb more leading to toxicities

22. D - Distribution • Drug is delivered to tissues through blood vessels and capillaries • Drug’s effect takes place in tissues, not blood vessels • Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998). Foundations of nursing practice. Philadelphia: Saunders

23. Drug Blood Level • Amount of drug circulating bloodstream • Physicians may monitor blood levels • Digoxin • Dilantin

24. M - Metabolism • Series of chemical reactions altering a drug by converting it into a water soluble compound for excretion • Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998). Foundations of nursing practice. Philadelphia: Saunders

25. E – Excretion (Elimination) • May occur through… • Respiration • Perspiration • Urination • Defecation • Modified from Leahy, JM, Kizilay, PE (1998). Foundations of nursing practice. PA: Saunders.

26. Drug Interactions • The combined effect of drugs administered together • Synergism – Two drugs taken together BOOST each other’s effect more than either drug alone • Coumadin/Aspirin • Antagonism- One drug counteracts or reduces the effect of the other drug • Blood pressure medication/pseudoephedrine • Potentiation-One drug prolongs the effect of another drug • Tagamet/theophylline

27. Effects of Drugs • Desired effect – intended response • Side effect- mild, undesired response • Adverse reaction – undesirable response causing unintended symptoms • Allergic reaction- hypersensitivity to a drug • Anaphylaxis – severe, potentially fatal allergic reaction

28. Drug Forms • Tablets • May be coated, may be scored • Chewable, sublingual, buccal • May be extended release – do not crush • Capsules • May hide unpleasant odor, taste • Some may be opened and added to food • May be extended release – do not open

29. Drug Forms • Liquids • Syrup • Elixir • Extracts • Topical • Lotions • Creams • Ointments