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March 6 10-11:20 UMC Glenn Miller Ballroom

March 6 10-11:20 UMC Glenn Miller Ballroom. Caucus! Tuesday March 4. //www.bouldercounty.org/elections/register/pages / caucus.aspx. Conakry International Airport, Guinea. Chapter 9—air pollution.

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March 6 10-11:20 UMC Glenn Miller Ballroom

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  1. March 6 10-11:20 UMC Glenn Miller Ballroom

  2. Caucus!Tuesday March 4 //www.bouldercounty.org/elections/register/pages /caucus.aspx

  3. Conakry International Airport, Guinea

  4. Chapter 9—air pollution Meaning– immediate and local hazards to health and materials, not climate change. Regulated by the EPA for the public , OSHA in the work place. Lead SO2 NOX=nitrogen oxides (Friday) Mercury (Friday) Hydrocarbons (Friday) Ozone O3 (Friday, also Ch. 10)

  5. Today HW #4 is due Sulfur and lead , and what we did about them All power point images are only for the exclusive use of Phys3070/Envs3070 Spring term 2014

  6. Sulfur, mass=32 Sulfur can be 3-5% of coal, <1% for some western coal. S burns to SO2sulfuric acid in the air. Wash the coal at the mine—coal dust floats, sulfur minerals sink. (Uses a lot of water) ‘Scrub’ the exhaust gas—CaO with water CaSO4, gypsum

  7. SSO2 Reaction S + O2SO2 Relative weights Carbon =12 Oxygen =16, O2=32 Sulfur (S)=32 32 grams of S 32+2x16= 64 grams of SO2 32 tons of S64 tons of SO2 1 ton of S64 / 32 = 2 tons of SO2 ….etc

  8. How much SO2? ‘clean’ Rocky Mountain coal averages 0.6% by weight of sulfur. If the nation burned only this coal, 1 billion tons/year, how much SO2 would we be breathing? 0.006 *109 tons/year = 6*106 tons of S  12 million tons of SO2 per year

  9. Acidity

  10. Sulfur cap and trade 1990 Clean Air Act set a national cap on SO2 from power plants, 9.5 million tons (Mt) in 2000, 8.95 Mt in 2010. Was 17.3 Mt in 1980. Permits based on existing emissions. Can be bought and sold. Monitored by on-site equipment, reported to EPA. www.epa.gov/airmarkets

  11. Result • Cleaner air resulting from the Clean Air Act of 1970 and its amendments has added 5 months to US life spans. • Some cities/areas, 10 months.

  12. LeadAll substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose distinguishes a poison and a remedy. -Paracelsus, 1493-1541

  13. Tetraethyl leada burnable liquid ‘antiknock’ additive to gasoline, 1:1260 mixture >30 mg/liter of air7 point drop in IQ 10 mg/liter of air  4 point drop in IQ Clogs catalytic converters Phased out as of 1972 in US

  14. What are the Health Effects of Lead? Lead can affect almost every organ and system in your body. Children six years old and younger are most susceptible to the effects of lead. Children Even low levels of lead in the blood of children can result in: Behavior and learning problems Lower IQ and Hyperactivity Slowed growth Hearing Problems Anemia In rare cases, ingestion of lead can cause seizures, coma and even death.

  15. Acceptable levels (mg/kg=ppm, by weight)(in soil/dust) • Mercury 2 • Cadmium 3 • Selenium 3 • Arsenic 20 • Boron 25 • Copper 50 • Lead 100 • Titanium 500 (1 ppm=1 gram in one ton)

  16. In air (over 8 hour day) • Lead 50 mg/m3 (Table 9.3  1.5 mg/m3 over a quarter) • Arsenic 10 mg/m3 • Mercury 0.1 mg/m3 = 100 mg/m3 OSHA for the workplace, EPA for the public

  17. EPA

  18. Fossil fuel emissions Gas Oil Coal CO2 117,000 164,000 208,000 CO 40 33 208 NOx 92 448 457 SO2 1 1122 2591 Particulates 7 84 2744 Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016 (in pounds per billion Btu)

  19. CO2- a pollutant? Recent US Supreme Court decision- yes, and therefore under the responsibility of the EPA. Chapter 10.

  20. HW #5 due in class Monday March 10 1. (10)The US burns one billion (109) tons of coal each year, and 1% of this by weight is sulfur. How many tons of SO2 would we dump into the air each year if nothing were done about this? You will need a chemical reaction to compute the ratio of weights of sulfur (S, atomic weight 32) and SO2. 2. (5)In fact, ‘washing’ the coal removes 40% of the sulfur, and ‘scrubbing’ the power plant gas removes another 80%. By what factor do these combine to lower the answer to Problem 1? How much SO2 do we have to breathe after these cleanings? 3. (10)What is acid rain? Name three bad things it does.

  21. HW #5 continued 4.(15 points) The world burns 4.6 gigatons of coal each year, with 70% of that coal being carbon, and 3.4 trillion cubic feet of natural gas (as methane CH4) each year, and 93 million barrels of oil per day of petroleum (as C10H22). How many tons of CO2 does each fuel put into the atmosphere each year? Use the density of gas as 0.040 pounds per cubic foot, and the weight of a barrel of oil as 306 pounds. Start by putting all this information into tons per year. Then, write a balanced combustion reaction to get tons of CO2 from the tons of carbon in each fuel. You have done this last part before!

  22. essay 5. (15 points) Outline, in your own words, the logical connection between anthropogenic (a great word! Define it as part of your answer) CO2 and global warming. Write this as a legal brief, summarizing a much longer and more detailed case to be made. You are writing for the ‘prosecution’.

  23. HW #4 (10 points) Plug and chug: What are the rolling and the aerodynamic drag forces on my Subaru Legacy, with a weight of 3423 pounds, a frontal area of 25 square feet, the CD of a Ford Escort, a Cr of 0.01, at 60 mph? Be sure to state the units of your answer. Fr= Crmv = 0.01*(3423/32)*60 = 64.18 pounds of rolling friction force Fad = CDAfv2/370 = 0.39 (from the table)*25*602 / 370 = 94.86 pounds of aerodynamic drag friction force. These formulas work only with the designated units.

  24. (10 points) How much total work is done, in foot-pounds and in kWh, to drive twenty miles at that speed? Don’t do it, but make a mental outline of how you would compute the fuel consumed from these numbers. The total friction force is 64.18+94.86 = 159.04 pounds. Work = force times distance = 159.04 pounds * 20 miles * 5280 feet/mile = 1.679*107 foot pounds. =1.679*107foot pounds * 3.78*10-7 kWh/foot pound = 6.35 kWh. This is what you would use to calculate how much the battery ran down in your Chevy Volt. If burning gasoline, gallons = 6.35 kWh / 36.6 kWh/gallon = 0.17 gallons. This is just for the friction part. There are also losses due to starts (not regained in stops), going up hills (not regained going down), etc.

  25. Wednesday: The logic behind climate change R and K 10.3 Friday: Paleoclimate, what we can learn from the past. See the posted ‘next reading assignments’ including the Summary for Policymakers of the latest IPCC report

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