SPORT & CULTURE

1. SPORT & CULTURE AUSTRALIA

2. You are required to : • describe characteristics of Australia (young nation; sparsely populated; colonial influence and immigration); • • explain the nature of sport in Australia (social and cultural reasons for sport being a high status national pre-occupation); • • analyse the game of Australian rules football (origins; factors that shaped its development, including commercialism and impact of media).

3. Understand the characteristics of the country

5. Vote with your feet. • Which do you prefer? • Australia England

6. Starter task • Note down on the white boards the characteristics of Australia • In other words what do you know about Aus. • Bullet point this onto the white boards.

7. Captain Cook • 1770 first landed in Australia • 10 years later an influx of British convicts were sent to Australia. • From this point forward (1800-1900) the population grew.

8. Young country Not bad for 200 years old. HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO SPORT?

9. True or false • All Australians stem from convicts.

10. Colonial influence HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO SPORT?

11. COLONISATION • Colonisation =When a more dominant country takes over and rules the less dominant country. It also imposes it’s culture and sports, along with religion.

12. Sparsely populated HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO SPORT?

13. immigration HOW DOES THIS RELATE TO SPORT?

14. Characteristics of Australia • Note on page 4 which one the points will have the most influence on sport. • Colonisation? • Young population? • Sparse population? 21 million (same as in London) • Immigration?

16. White Australian Policy • The White Australia Policy, the policy of excluding all non-European people from immigrating into Australia, was the official policy of all governments and all mainstream political parties in Australia from the 1890s to the 1950s, and elements of the policy survived until the 1970s

17. EFFECTS OF COLONISATION • Discrimination • Loss of old ways of playing • Ancient religions and rituals replaced by Christianity • Tribal hierarchical replaced by British systems of government and legislation • Schools vehicle for fostering British sporting pastimes • Administration/ organisation of sport

18. Indigenous sport • Aboriginal games lost due to suppression of indigenous populations in favour of colonial games • Tradition of discrimination against them from the early colonials and almost to the present day.

19. Aboriginal children assimilate into NSW local schools, if all other parents agree. This right of veto is removed in 1960. • Western Australia Aborigines Act is amended to permit Aboriginal people to be taken into custody without trial or appeal and to prevent them from entering prescribed towns without a permit

20. Attitude to the Aboriginals • What is being done by modern governments regarding the aboriginals? • Native Title Act 1994 • Returning of some land rights back to aboriginals.

22. Cathy Freeman was this a • form of protest at the • treating of the aboriginals?

24. So what’s the nature of sport in Aus?

25. Sport as a national pass time • Sport has helped develop the identity of this young country. • Australians are obsessed with sports and competition. • 90% of Australian take part in sport. • 23% in England

26. Sport as a national pass time • When we won the ashes 12.5% watched • When an Australian horse won a race in Melbourne 2004, 90% of Australia watched.

27. NEW IDENTITY • British colonies were ‘young countries’ & needed their own identity • Sport is clear way of establishing national identity • Test match = opportunity to prove themselves against their so-called superiors - victory against the Brits enhanced national pride

28. Why Australian sports have such high Status? • Read through the paragraphs on 248-249 on why sport has such a high status. • Which point do you think is the most important? • Can you explain your point and relate it to sport. • When making your point can you compare it against the UK to emphasise your point.

29. Egalitarian Society • Sports was and is for all, inequality of opportunity and provisions are lesson an issue than in the UK. • So everyone could play • There were no class restrictions • to play

30. TOPOGRAPHY & SPORT • Australian land mass is largely uninhabitable and unsuitable for sport/ recreation • The landscape encourages Outdoor pursuits with residential camps being very popular – BUSH CULTURE • Lifestyle (outdoor/ farming/ active) • Climate • Coastlines – water sports • Terrain/ natural landscape (e.g. – beaches

31. The outdoor Life • Due to climate the norm is healthy conscious society adequate space and beaches.

32. SEPEP Loose curriculum Participation is priority/excellence is secondary. Non-participants allowed not participant role, e.g., coach, ref. Physical and Sport Education Courses (PASE): professional development for teachers Professional training courses in physical education Guidance, helps teacher work better Compulsory in schools and has a high status. People are encouraged to do well. • PASE WHAT IS SEPEP The Sport Education in Physical Education Program (SEPEP) is a curriculum model for use in school physical education programs. SEPEP relies on teachers and students to create a particular form of social system within physical education lessons known as student centered learning.

34. Trendy sports

35. GOVERNMENT • Sport is seen a vote winner so is actively encouraged by politicians. • Many photo shoots are taken with successful sports stars. Politicians ‘should’ be seen at sports events to raise their status. • Comments • This is also happening with the olympics.

36. Bush Culture • The bush is the outback a harsh countryside that is unique to Australia. • The 1890s saw a continued increase in nationalism and with it the creation of the Australian bush legend. • Similar to the wild west of the USA.

37. How to remember all of these. School sports Topographic Role models Egalitarian Trendy Climate Healthy economy Young nation Government support Bush Culture • S- • T- • R • E • T • C • H • Y • G • B

38. They weren’t always so good. • A poor performance in the 1976 Olympics in Montreal saw the set up of Australian institute for sport • A more professional approach was sought. • Scouting, recruitment and a scientific approach was adopted.

40. AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF SPORT • What is the aim of the AIS? • aim = to develop elite level sport • Who runs the AIS? • ASC (Australian Sports Commission) • What are the main functions of the AIS? • organise training camps for national squads • provide grants to elite athletes and coaches • provide top facilities to the athletes • provide top quality coaching for athletes and national squads • deliver advisory & employment services to athletes

41. Footy (Fudy)How did it originate? • Questionable, but possibly Harrison and Wills – English born (1958) decided to create a game to help keep cricketers fit in winter purely and an Oz game to reflect Oz culture and society. Aussie Rules – Footy • Most say = genuinely Oz and reflects Aboriginal leaping game and public school sports • Some say – mix of rugby and Gaelic footy (but Gaelic footy not codified till 30yrs after Wills’ Melbourne rules were established!! • Had signs of cricket – oval pitch – cricket pitches used – 9 officials; 22 players who may run 15 miles a match; Gaelic football (played Irish troops) and rugby. • Melbourne cup = oldest (1858). • It is more popular than rugby union and rugby league and is growing on popularity.

42. Session 2 on Australia • Look at the clips and describe the characteristics of Aussie rules, or foody. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_hqosNvv5E • Q How does Footy reflect the characteristics of Australia?

43. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARF • Unique • Physical • Harsh • Commercial • Exciting

45. COMMERCIALISM • Most highly spectated sport and blossomed as result of commercialism – major interest in it now. • Multi-millions Aus$ business, with National comp and extensive Comp and network of local and regional leagues and comps • Good media promotion / commercial breaks product (like USA) • Business enterprise and financial backing – helped sport to produce high status sports stars who earn huge fees from advertising, sponsorships, endorsements and other commercial ventures. • Broadcast media rose rapidly to Aus%5.5million after the commission took over and put the rights to tender. Revenues soared to Aus$100million+ with new 5yr contracts with 7, 10 networks and Foxtel. • AFL that runs the Australian Rules competition has 1 broadcasting contract that earns it Aus$20million pa. Compared to 120 other sports bodies (out of 130), who get nothing through TV broadcasts.

46. Benefits of commercialisation • AFL keeps prices down • Media coverage boosts game at grass roots – future players and spectators • Facilities upgraded • More exciting competitions can be staged • Compare structure of ARF and AF – set pieces, restarts, tackles, violence, punishment and nature of the sport – scoring and pitch. Give cultural reasons. • Commercialism = threatening to destroy original nature of sport. Becoming more a spectacle engineered by public relations and mass consumption experts to market the game for the consumer-oriented society. The more local nature of the game changing to city or state conglomerations.

47. Popularity and development of Aussie Rules • Explain how the development of Aussie rules, and the commercial impact mirror the USA, and American football. • Research page 250 and explain the reasons for the development.

48. Break the question into sections • Development of Aussie rules • Commercial impact • How this is mirrored in the USA and American football.

49. Comparative • One point from Australia. • Use of linking word…… However, • Then make a point about USA. • Point from Australia…….Alternatively, • Point from American sports.

50. Commission agreed that since AFL came in 1990, harder to keep balance between ‘tribal’ interests and those new spectators seeking more thrill / excitement • Expansion of codes catchment and revenue has combined with higher media rights payments and sponsor revenue to boost AFL revenue from just under Aus$90 million in 1997 to about Aus$270 million currently. • About Aus$120million of that flows through 16 clubs and through them to player payments – risen from $22,000 to $220,000. • Some also allocated $5million special payments to financially weaker clubs for survival (Melbourne’s Western Bulldogs and the Kangeroos). • Also revenue supports AFL development programmes – the financially stronger AFL is both directly and indirectly underpinning the re-development of club facilities and games venues.