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Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny

Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny. The Big Picture Judd et al pp. 153-181. How Did We Get…. From this…. To this…?. All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a. Cyanobacteria have Chlorophyll a and other pigments called phycobilins. Leads to first chloroplasts.

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Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny

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  1. Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny The Big Picture Judd et al pp. 153-181

  2. How Did We Get… From this… To this…?

  3. All photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll a. Cyanobacteria have Chlorophyll a and other pigments called phycobilins Leads to first chloroplasts.

  4. Viridophytes (Green Plants) gain Chlorophyll b (no phycobilins) Chlorophyll a (universal) Chlorophyll b

  5. Light Reactions

  6. Reaction Center and Antenna Pigments

  7. Alpha-d-glucose The “d” stereoisomer is the naturally occuring form. Alpha refers to the down position of the hydroxyl group on carbon 1.

  8. Polysaccharides Starch (Green Plants or Viridophytes) Seaweeds Laminarin (beta 1-3 and beta 1-6 linked polysaccharide) Alpha 1-4 linkage Structural, beta 1-4 animals

  9. Sister to all land plants! i.e., resting embryo stage Structure formed during cytokinesis (cell division)

  10. Chara– sister to all land plants!

  11. Multicellular Sporophyte– Liverworts

  12. Note polyphylletic nature of “bryophytes”

  13. Liverworts Thallose liverwort-- Marchantia Leafy liverwort-- Radula

  14. Mosses

  15. Stomata– Orthotrichumanomalum (moss)

  16. Hornworts– note persistently green sporophyte

  17. = development of main axis & side branches

  18. Xylem is formed from tracheids and vessel elements Vessel elements tracheids

  19. Lignin

  20. Primary and Secondary Xylem: Vascular Cambium

  21. Lycophytes– Selaginellaunderwoodii Growth habit Sporangia in leaf axils

  22. Ferns Pteridiumaquilinum Sporangia

  23. Extinct polyphyletic taxa within “Gymnosperms”

  24. “Gymnosperms” Pinusedulis Juniperusosteosperma

  25. “Gymnosperms”-- Gnetophytes Ephedra trifurca– pollen strobili Ephedra trifurca– ovulate strobili

  26. “Gymnosperms”-- Gnetophytes Welwitchia mirabilis– ovulate plant Welwitchia mirabilis– pollen plant

  27. ANITA Grade

  28. Many Angiosperm Synapomorphies • Seed produced within a carpel with a stigmatic surface for pollen germination • Very reduced female gametophyte, usually just seven cells • Double fertilization • Triploid endosperm • Fruit– seed within mature ovary

  29. Evolution of the Carpel

  30. ANITA Grade

  31. ANITA Grade • Basal Angiosperms • Trend from Apocarpic to Syncarpic • Trend from poorly differentiated filaments and anthers to better differentiated • Trend from poorly differentiated style and stigma to better differentiated

  32. Amborellatrichopoda

  33. Nymphaea lotus

  34. Illiumverum (Star Anise)

  35. ANITA Grade to Magnoliids, Monocots and Eudicots • Fusion of carpel margins rather than just sealed by a secretion • Better differentiation of flower parts.

  36. Anemopsiscalifornica

  37. Aristolochiawatsonii

  38. Monocots and Eudicots In eudicots

  39. Monocots • One leaf at the first node of the embryo (cotyledon) • Scattered vascular bundles • Loss of vascular cambium • Parallel leaf venation • Flower parts in threes • Monosulcate pollen Probably predated the origin of the clade

  40. Cotyledons

  41. Dactylisglomerata Monoporate pollen Growth habit

  42. Monocot– Grass blade

  43. Monocots: Scattered Vascular Bundles

  44. Dichelostemmacapitatum

  45. Poaceae– the Grasses

  46. Eudicots • Two leaves at the first node of the embryo (cotyledons) • Tricolpate pollen (or modifications thereof) • Flower parts in 4s or 5s • Non parallel venation • Retention of vascular cambium

  47. Taraxacumofficinale Triporate pollen Growth habit

  48. Eudicots

  49. Eudicots: Vascular Cambium

  50. Chaetopappaericoides

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