Lecturer: Tamanna Haque Nipa

1. Data Communication Lecturer: Tamanna Haque Nipa

2. Chapter 5: Analog Transmission

3. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data (Public telephone system 300Hz to 3400Hz, modem (modulator-demodulator))

4. Types of digital-to-analog conversion Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second. In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.

5. Amplitude Shift Keying In amplitude shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements. Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude changes. Values represented by different amplitudes of carrier low bandwidth requirements very susceptible to interference Used over optical fiber Figure 5.3 Binary amplitude shift keying 5

6. BASK • One binary digit represented by presence of carrier, at constant amplitude • Other binary digit represented by absence of carrier where the carrier signal is s(t)= Acos(2пfct) for 1 binary 0 for 0 binary

7. Frequency Shift Keying Values represented by different frequencies (near carrier) Less susceptible to error than ASK change frequency with each symbol needs larger bandwidth Even higher frequency on LANs 7

8. Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK) • Two binary digits represented by two different frequencies near the carrier frequency – where f1 and f2 are offset from carrier frequency fc • s(t)= Acos(2пf1t) for 1 binary Acos(2пf2t) for 0 binary • For MFSK S(t)=Acos(2пfit) , 1<=i<=M

9. Phase Shift Keying Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data Change phase with each symbol More complex robust against interference Figure 5.9 Binary phase shift keying 9

10. Two-level PSK (BPSK) • Uses two phases to represent binary digits

11. BPSK Constellation 11

12. Quadrature PSK More efficient use by each signal element representing more than one bit shifts of /2 (90o) Each element represents two bits 12

13. 4 PSK Characteristic 13

14. 4 PSK 14

15. 8 PSK Characteristic 15

16. 4-QAM and 8-QAM Constellations 16

17. Time Domain for 8-QAM Signal 17

18. ANALOG to ANALOG Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of analog information by an analog signal. One may ask why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to us. Types of analog-to-analog modulation

19. Figure 5.16 Amplitude modulation The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM = 2B.

20. Standard Bandwidth Allocation for AM Radio The bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music) is usually 5 kHz. Therefore, an AM radio station needs a bandwidth of 10 kHz. In fact, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allows 10 kHz for each AM station. AM stations are allowed carrier frequencies anywhere between 530 and 1700 kHz (1.7 MHz). However, each station's carrier frequency must be separated from those on either side of it by at least 10 kHz (one AM bandwidth) to avoid interference. If one station uses a carrier frequency of 1100 kHz, the next station's carder frequency cannot be lower than 1110 kHz (see Figure 5.17).

21. Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B. Figure 5.19 FM band allocation