The Ottoman Empire

1. The Ottoman Empire 1389-1914

2. Mehmet II conquered Istanbul in 1453 and made it his capital, renaming it from the previous name of Constantinople

3. Ottoman Empire Timeline 1389-1914 1389 1454 1492 1517 1571 1683 1774 1914 • The Christians win over the Turks • beginning of Ottoman Empire’s decline • Jew flea persecution in Spain to the Ottoman Empire • Ottomans were more diverse and had larger population. • Ottoman victory over the Turks • laid the groundwork for the empire • Start of World War I • Total destruction and existence of the Ottoman Empire • Siege of Vienna • Causes a social transition and more of a decline of Ottomans • Ottoman Empire conquers Byzantine capital Constantinople • Makes Ottomans more powerful and gain more land • Ottoman Empire is defeated by the Russian Empire • Weak government and armies • Egypt and Syria are conquered by the Ottoman Empire. • The empire gained more land and became more powerful.

4. Social Status The social classes were divided by occupation, economic status, and location. The Sultan was the head of the government, which was at the top of the social ladder. In addition to the ruling class there were four groups: • Peasants- tilled the land that was given to them from the state. • Artisans- were organized into craft guilds that were responsible for dealing with the government, providing financial services, social security, and training its members • Merchants- were the most privileged class, next to the ruling elite. They were exempt from taxes and government regulations. They were hated by other subjects of the empire because they established monopolies and set high prices. As a result the merchants become very wealthy. • Pastoral People- herded animals

5. Women’s Status Women in the Ottoman Empire were treated fairly well. • could not be forced into marriage • Could have positions of authority • Could own and inherit property However, • Women were isolated in their part of the house. • Couldn’t inherit property from the husband if he was Muslim and she was not. • Female children were not regarded well unless they could create alliances once they got married • Almost never attended school

6. Art and Architecture • Pottery • Rugs • Silk • Carpet making • calligraphy • Textiles • Jewelry • Armor • Paintings- realistic scenes of sultans, court, military scenes • MOSQUES! -modeled after Byzantine Church - used an open floor plan to create a prayer hall where numerous Muslims could worship in unison -dome shaped with large central area -well lit with many windows

7. The Suleymaniye MosqueIstanbul, Turkey

8. Interior of Suleymaniye Mosque

9. Blue MosqueIstanbul, Turkey

10. Religion • Very tolerant of different religious beliefs, to prevent the most likely cause of revolt • In return for this and the fact that they were exempt from military service, Christians and Jews paid a head tax • Permitted to convert to Islam but Muslims were prohibited from adopting another faith • The Sultan was regarded as “the protector of Islam” • Sunni Muslim-run state so inequality in the government, Muslims given preference

11. Religion • Churches in conquered lands were converted into mosques • Religious communities called “millets” kept their own courts, schools, and welfare system; built roads and the likes for their own neighborhoods

12. Economy • Christian and Jewish merchants control some aspects of trading with Ottoman protection • Agricultural based in the beginning – fertile land in Turkey and Mesopotamia • Wealthy through military, gaining land and, therefore, gaining trading routes • Istanbul became one of the great trade centers of the world • Another important city was Bursa, a center of the silk trade • Goods traded: silk, musk, rhubarb, porcelain from China, spices like pepper and, dyestuff such as indigo

13. politics:The Government • The Ottoman State rested in the hands of an absolute monarch. • The central function of the ruler or Sultan, was to guarantee justice among all the people, including the lowest members of societies and the peasantry. • The Sultan watched the officials and would sometimes observe in secret the proceedings of the Divan. • If the Sultan believed that an injustice was being committed against the people, he would interfere directly and overturn the decision. • Those officials that abused their power were subjected to a special jurisdiction. • The government was basically all about the people and protecting them and their wants.

14. The Laws • From 1350 to 1550 the Ottomans created a law code. • The laws were first collected together by Mehmed the Conqueror. • Imperial law was regarded as the essential and sacred foundation of the empire. • When this tradition collided with the Islamic tradition, a compromised system combining both was formed. • The imperial law, or law pronounced by the monarch, was considered sacred. • The kanunwas divided into two separate sets, or laws. The first dealt with the organization of government and the military. The second dealt with the taxation and treatment of peasantry. • This code of laws was called, kanun-I ‘Osmani, or the “Ottoman laws.”

15. Military • → In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, sea power played a central role in the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, and Ottoman fleets operated on the high seas in the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and east into the Indian Ocean. • →Their guns comes from the Prussians (Now Northern Germany). • → The Janissaries were a group of people, mostly men and young boys, who were “slaves” and forced to fight in the military. • → Both the rich and the poor served in the military. There were also volunteers. • → At the peak of their expansion, some of their land included Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, and much more.

16. Rise and Fall of Ottoman Empire Rise Fall • Started as Turkish and Muslim settlers in the 1300’s in Anatolia. • The founder was Osman which is where Ottoman originated from. • Once the Turk Empire started to decline, the settlers from Anatolia conquered small areas after small areas with their newly advanced military. • The conquering of the Byzantine Empire by Sultan Mehmed was the start of the huge expansion of Ottoman Empire. • It expanded greatly and was the peak of the Ottoman Empire during 1512-1566 with the leader Suleiman the Magnificent. • Fall of Ottoman Empire can be greatly connected with the man, Selim II (1566-1574), who was a very weak leader. • Internal and external problems continued for the next 300 years. • Wars and battles against different parts of the Ottoman Empire caused them to loose land and population. • The Tulip Period (1718-1730), was the steep decline of the Ottoman military. • In 1914, which was the start of the first World war was the complete destruction and existence of the Ottoman Empire.

17. Gunpowder Empire • Military used guns and cannons as weaponry in warfare • Highly centralized government around the Sultan • Good economy from trading in conquered lands • Manufactured weapons in Istanbul • Strong army that conquered mass amounts of land • Expanded insanely to conquer 13 regions • Changes in society - woman had more respect than previously in the Ottoman • Political changes - Sultan gave them more of a fair chance, cared more for the commoners • Technological advantages - shipbuilding skills elevated, materials got stronger and sturdier therefore Ottomans acquired naval dominated

18. Works Cited The Earth and Its People: A Global History. Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, and Johnson. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA 2008 World History. Duiker, William J., Spielvogel, Jackson J. Thomson Learning, Inc.: Belmont, CA 2007 “The Ottomans.” Washington State University. http://wsu.edu/~dee/OTTOMAN/OTTOMAN1.HTM