Unit 7 Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems

1. Unit 7Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems Nurse Aide I Course DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

2. Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems This unit reviews the structure and function of the body and its systems. It presents common disorders of each system and lists the normal changes that occur with the aging process. It includes signs and symptoms which should be reported. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

3. Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems(continued) A basic knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology will help the nurse aide to understand the signs and symptoms of disease, the reasons for the care given, and the purposes of procedures that are carried out for the resident’s comfort, healing and recovery. In-depth information is not provided. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

4. Common Diseases and Conditions of Body Systems(continued) It is intended that upon completion of the unit, the student will have rudimentary knowledge of the body systems sufficient to enhance resident care. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

5. Body Systems DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

6. Objectives 7.0 Discuss the makeup of the male and female body. 7.1 Describe the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and systems of the body. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

7. Body SystemsCells • Building blocks of body  • Microscopic in size  • Cells combine to form tissue DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

8. Body Systems Tissues • Cells organized into tissue to carry on particular activities (connect, support, absorb, secrete, protect, direct, coordinate, allow movement)  • Groups of tissues form organs DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

9. Objective 7.1.1 List the organs of the body. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

10. Body SystemsOrgans • Made up of several types of tissues • Carry on special functions • Some organs in pairs - kidneys and lungs • Some organs single – heart, brain, liver, stomach, intestines, bladder • Organs combine to form systems DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

11. Objective 7.1.2 Identify the systems of the body. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

12. Systems A system is a group of organs that work together. Body Systems • Skeletal • Muscular • Circulatory • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Endocrine • Nervous • Reproductive • Integumentary • Sensory DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

13. Body Systems Systems combine to form the human body. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

14. The Skeletal System DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

15. Objective 7.2 Identify functions of the skeletal system. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

16. Comprises the bony framework of the body Has 206 bones The Skeletal System DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

17. FUNCTIONS: Support Protect Movement Mineral storage Blood cell production The Skeletal System(continued) DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

18. JOINTS - point where bones meet: Immovable – cranium Slightly movable - vertebral discs Freely movable - shoulder, knee, wrist The Skeletal System(continued) DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

19. The Skeletal System(continued) • COMPOSITION OF JOINTS: • Ligament - connects bone to bone • Tendon - connects muscle to bone DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

20. The Skeletal System(continued) • COMPOSITION OF JOINTS: • Bursa - fluid filled sac that allows bones to move easily over others • Cartilage – connective tissue that cushions the joint at end of bones and between bones DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

21. Objective 7.2.1 Discuss common disorders of the skeletal system. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

22. Common Disorders of Skeletal System • Osteoporosis - porous bone that breaks easily DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

23. Common Disorders of Skeletal System(continued) • Fracture - break in bone • simple - bone broken, skin intact • compound - bone broken, penetrates skin • comminuted - bone broken, fragments in tissue • greenstick - incomplete break DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

24. Common Disorders of Skeletal System(continued) • Arthritis - inflammation of the joints • osteoarthritis due to stress on joints • usually affects weight bearing joints: knees, hips, vertebrae and fingers • aching, stiffness, limited motion DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

25. rheumatoid arthritis - systemic disease causes inflammation, deformity and crippling joints painful, stiff, swollen, red and warm Arthritis - inflammation of the joints Common Disorders of Skeletal System(continued) DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

26. Common Disorders of Skeletal System(continued) • Amputation – removal of all or part of limb • Sprain - stretched or torn ligaments or tendons • Bursitis - inflammation of bursa causing pain on movement DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

27. Objective 7.2.2 Discuss changes that take place in the skeletal system due to aging. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

28. Skeletal System Changes Due To Aging • Bones more porous or brittle • Joints less flexible • Postural changes • Awkward walking patterns • Slowed recovery from position changes and sudden movements DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

29. Objective 7.2.3 List observations/situations relating to skeletal system. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

30. Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System • Slow and unsteady body movement • Difficulty holding objects • Complaint of pain in joints • Swelling, redness and warmth in joints • Inability to move joints DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

31. Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System(continued) • Complaint of pain with movement • Complaint of neck or head pain • Resident who has fallen (stay with resident, call for help, do not move resident or allow resident to move) DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

32. Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System(continued) • Resident with cast on arm or leg • complaint of pain in limb • swelling of fingers or toes • pale skin of fingers or toes • cyanosis and coolness of fingers or toes DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

33. Observations/Situations Related to Skeletal System(continued) • Resident with cast on arm or leg • odor or drainage from cast • inability to move toes or fingers • complaint of numbness of fingers or toes • drainage from cast DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

34. The Muscular System DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

35. Objective 7.3 Identify functions of muscles. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

36. The Muscular System • Provides body with ability to move • Over 650 different muscles that comprise nearly half the body weight DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

37. The Muscular System(continued) • Functions of muscles • Allow movement • Help body stay erect – posture • Produce most of body’s heat • Give body form • Provide movement of internal organs DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

38. Objective 7.3.1 Discuss common disorders of the muscular system. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

39. Common Disorders of Muscular System • Paralysis - loss of voluntary movement due to neurological damage such as stroke or trauma • Multiple sclerosis – weakness of muscles due to loss of covering on nerves that control them • Atrophy – muscle mass decreases in size DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

40. Common Disorders of Muscular System(continued) • Contracture - permanent shortening of muscle; joints become ankylosed (frozen) • Muscle strain – damage caused by trauma • Myalgia - muscle pain • Torn muscle - tear caused by trauma DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

41. Objective 7.3.2 Discuss changes in the muscular system due to aging. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

42. Changes in Muscular System Due to Aging • Poorer response to stimuli • Pain when moving, therefore muscles not used as often • Less active • Muscle strength and bulk loss • Slower muscle - nerve interaction DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

43. Objective 7.3.3 List observations relating to the muscular system. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

44. Observations of Muscular System to Report • Difficulty holding or lifting objects • Inability to move a body part • Difficulty walking • Loss of muscle strength and tone DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

45. Observations of Muscular System to Report(continued) • Edema of tissue or joint • Complaint of muscle pain • Generalized weakness and fatigue • Slow, unsteady body movement DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

46. The Circulatory System DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

47. Objective 7.4 Identify functions of the circulatory system. DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

48. Circulatory System • Circulation is continuous movement of blood throughout body DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

49. Circulatory System(continued) • Functions of circulatory system • Arteries carry blood with oxygen and nutrients away from heart and to cells • Veins carry waste products away from cells and to heart DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7

50. Blood • Adult has 5 to 6 quarts (liters) • Consists of • water - 90% (plasma) • blood cells • carbon dioxide and oxygen • nutrients, hormones and enzymes • waste products DHSR Approved Curriculum-Unit 7