America's Founding Challenges Unveiled

1. Chapter 9 Study Questions These Chapter 9 ‘Study Questions’ will be written, beginning on Portfolio p38

2. 9.11) What economic problems did the new government face? (p295) WAR Debts US had borrowed millions from France, Netherlands, Spain, as well as from private citizens

3. 9.12) How did Hamilton’s ‘financial plan attempt to solve the nation’s economic problems? (p295) WAR Debts US had borrowed millions from France, Netherlands, Spain, as well as from private citizens

4. 9.1 3) Why did Jefferson and Madison object to the creation of a National Bank? (p297) They argued that the Constitution did NOT give the government the power to setup a bank... They believed in ‘strict construction’, or a narrow, strictinterpretation,of the Constitution... Hamilton favored a ‘loose construction’ of the Constitution...

5. 9.1 4) What was Hamilton’s interpretation of the Constitution? (p297) Hamilton favored a ‘loose construction’, or broad & flexible interpretation of the Constitution... He pointed to the ‘Elastic Clause’ (Article 1:18) in the Constitution, and argued that a Nat’l Bank was ‘necessary & proper’ to carry out the government’s duties...

6. 9.2 5) What military, and other actions, secured the WEST for the U.S.? (p299) Fighting with Spain, Britain, and the Indians over the Northwest Territories... Battle of Fallen Timbers: Indians were defeated by American forces in the Ohio River Valley, and it crushed any Native American hopes of keeping their lands in the Northwest Territories...

7. 9.2 6) How were the Whiskey Rebellion & Shays Rebellion similar?(p300) both rebellions were against what seemed to be an unfair federal taxation system...

8. 9.2 7) Why did Washington consider it important to put down the Whiskey Rebellion? (p301) He feared that NOT to act might undermine the new government and weaken it’s authority. He needed to prove that the government had the power, and the will, to enforce it’s own laws...

9. 9.2 8) How did the ideals of the American Revolution change France? (p301) France was inspired by the American Revolution... French revolutionaries demanded liberty & equality, and set out to create a government based on the will of the people...

10. 9.2 9) What problems did the French Revolution create for the U.S.? (p302) France had been America’s ally during our own Revolution against England and were still bound by the 1778 Treaty... Hamilton believed that England was America’s most important trading partner and was too important to risk a war with... Washington declares that U.S. is neutral...

11. 9.3 10) What two (2) pieces of advice did Washington give at his farewell?(p303-304) he warned that political disagreements could weaken the nation... he cautioned that the U.S. remain neutral and “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world”...

12. 9.3 11) What led to the rise of political parties? (p304) Americans were deeply divided over how the U.S. should be run... Differences on foreign and domestic policy led to America’s first political parties...

13. 9.3 12) What was the result of the XYZ Affair? (p306) Congress cancelled it’s treaties with France, and allowed U.S. ships to seize French vessels... Congress set aside $$$ to expand the Army and Navy...

14. 9.3 13) Why did Congress pass the ‘Aliens and Sedition Acts’? (p306) to silence Democratic-Republican newspapers and immigrants who criticized John Adams (President), and give the President power to arrest ‘disloyal aliens’, and to outlaw sedition (saying anything false or harmful about the U.S. Government)

15. 9.3 14) What are “states’ rights”? (p307) A theory by Madison &Jefferson: that States had rights that the Federal government could not violate...

16. 9.3 15) How did Kentucky and Virginia respond to the Alien & Sedition Acts? (p307) Jefferson & Madison wrote ‘resolutions’ (statements) proposing that a State could ‘nullify’ a Federal Law within a State... These ‘resolutions’ declared that the ‘Alien & Sedition Acts’ violated the Constitution...