PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

1. PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY By BalajiNiwlikar https://www.careershodh.com/

2. Introduction • Cognitive psychology – • Branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn. Cognitive psychology sees the individual as a processor of information. • Term ‘cognitive psychology’ in the book Cognitive Psychology by UlricNeisser in 1967. • Paradigm • "a typical example or pattern of something; a pattern or model”. • A body of knowledge structured according to what its proponents consider important . • It include the assumptions investigators make in studying a phenomenon. • It specifys what kinds of experimental methods & measures are appropriate for an investigation. • Thus intellectual frameworks that guide investigators in studying and understanding phenomena. https://www.careershodh.com/

3. PARADIGMS OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY • Paradigms that cognitive psychologists use in planning and executing their research. • Information Processing Approach(1960-70s) • The Connectionist Approach- (1980s) • The Evolutionary Approach • The Ecological Approach https://www.careershodh.com/

4. Information Processing Approach https://www.careershodh.com/

5. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH • It arose in the 1940s and 1950s, after World War II (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012). • Goal - to understanding human thinking in relation to how they process the same kind of information as computers (Shannon & Weaver, 1963). • Used the computer metaphor. • Dominate in 1960 & 70s. • Rooted in structuralism, in that its followers attempt to identify the basic capacities and processes we use in cognition. • The approach treats cognition as essentially computational in nature, with mind being the software and the brainbeing the hardware. • The information processing approach in psychology is closely allied to the Computational theory of mind in philosophy; • It is also related, though not identical, to cognitivism in psychology and functionalism in philosophy (Horst, 2011). https://www.careershodh.com/

6. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH • “boxes-and-arrows” models of cognition • In information-processing models, cognition is typically assumed to occur serially. • This approach focuses researchers on the functional aspects of cognition—what kinds of processes are used toward what ends. • information processors look to computer science • Tools used experimental and quasi-experimental techniques in their investigations. https://www.careershodh.com/

7. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH • Cognition can be thought as information(what we see, hear, read ,think about ) passing through a system. • Assumption- • Information is processed(received, stored, transferred, retrieval,etc) in stages. • Peoples cognitive abilities=systems of interrelated capacities (different attention spans, memory capacities, and language skills). • people, like computers, are symbol manipulators • Goal- • To determine the stages & storage places are and how they work. • To find the relationships between these capacities, to explain how individuals go about performing specific cognitive tasks. https://www.careershodh.com/

8. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH https://www.careershodh.com/

9. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH • Information processing model: The Working Memory- • It must pass through three stages of mental processing; sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. • Working Memory Model(Baddedely)- • It includes the central executive, phonologic loop, episodic buffer , visuospatial sketchpad, verbal information, long term memory, and visual information (Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012) https://www.careershodh.com/

10. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH • Cognitive development theory- Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory – • During the sensorimotor stage, newborns and toddlers rely on their senses for information processing to which they respond with reflexes. • The preoperational stage, children learn through imitation and remain unable to take other people’s point of view. • The concrete operational stage is characterized by the developing ability to use logic and to consider multiple factors to solve a problem. • formal operational, in which preadolescents and adolescents begin to understand abstract concepts and to develop the ability to create arguments and counter argument. https://www.careershodh.com/

11. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH • Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • Three different components: creative, analytical, and practical abilities(Sternberg & Sternberg, 2012) • He says that information processing is made up of three different parts, • Metacomponent(planning and evaluating problems)s, • performance components(follow the orders of the metacomponents), and • knowledge-acquisition components (learns how to solve the problems). https://www.careershodh.com/

12. The Connectionist Approach • in the 1980s, as alternative • Connectionism or parallel-distributed processing, or PDP • cognition as a network of connections among simple (and usually numerous) processing units (McClelland, 1988).=neural networks • connectionist models assume that cognitive processes occur in parallel. • connectionists look to cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience for information to help them construct their theories and models https://www.careershodh.com/

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14. The Evolutionary Approach • Our most significant cognitive abilities • -Ability to perceive three-dimensional objects correctly and the ability to understand and produce language. • Is it easy to program these abilities in computers. ??? • Like other animal minds, the human mind is a biological system, one that has evolved over generations- laws of natural selection. (Cosmides & Tooby, 2002; Richerson & Boyd, 2000). • We understand a system best if we understand the evolutionary pressures on our ancestors. • people have special-purpose mechanisms (including cognitive mechanisms) specific to a certain context or class of problems (Cosmides and Tooby , 2002) • Ex. grammar acquisition, mate acquisition, food aversion, way finding https://www.careershodh.com/

15. The Evolutionary Approach • Explaining how a system of reasoning works, they believe, is much easier if we understand how evolutionary forces shaped the system in certain directions rather than other ,equally valid ones. • Ex- creating and enforcing social contracts. • To do this, people must be especially good at reasoning about costs and benefits, and be able to detect cheating in a social exchange . • Therefore, evolutionary psychologists predict that people’s reasoning will be especially enhanced when they are reasoning about cheating. • The evolutionary approach centers on questions of how a cognitive system or function has evolved over generations. https://www.careershodh.com/

16. The Ecological Approach • Lave (1988) described the results of the Adult Math Project as “an observational and experimental investigation of everyday arithmetic practices” • (2x2)+ (1x3) =? • Irappa ate 4 apple & Leena ate 10 apple, How many ice creams did the two of them have together?” • The ecological approach stresses the need to consider the context of any cognitive process to understand more completely how that process functions in the real world. • Overlap --psychologists+anthropologists+evolutionarist- • Focus-all cognitive activities are shaped by the culture and by the context in which they occur. https://www.careershodh.com/

17. The Ecological Approach • A major proponent of this viewpoint was J. J. Gibson ,whose work on perception • It influences of both the functionalist and the Gestalt schools on the ecological approach • Functionalists - the purposes performed by cognitive processes, • Gestalt psychology’s - the context surrounding any experience is likewise compatible with the ecological approach. • Matters -Personal experience, goals, interests, and practical daily living • Tools-- thus this tradition relies less on laboratory experiments or computer simulations and more on naturalistic observation and field studies to explore cognition. • The ecological approach stresses the need to consider the context of any cognitive process to understand more completely how that process functions in the real world. https://www.careershodh.com/

18. References:- • Galotti,K.M.(2004).Cognitive Psychology: In and Out of the Laboratory, Fourth Edition. Thomson Wadsworth. https://www.careershodh.com/