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Artificial Intelligence. Introduction of AI. Knowledge? Intelligence? Intelligent Machine? What is A.I.?. What is knowledge?. Knowledge is a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject or a domain. Knowledge is the sum of what is currently Known. What is Intelligence?.
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Introduction of AI • Knowledge? • Intelligence? • Intelligent Machine? • What is A.I.?
What is knowledge? • Knowledge is a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject or a domain. • Knowledge is the sum of what is currently Known.
What is Intelligence? • Someone’s intelligence is their ability to understand and learn things. • Intelligence is the ability to think and understand instead of doing things by instinct or automatically. • It gives some flexibility. It does not specify whether it is someone or something that has the ability to think and understand.
What is Thinking? • Thinking is the activity of using your brain to consider a problem or to create an idea. • In order to think, someone or something has to have a brain – an organ that enables someone or something to learn and understand things, to solve problems and to make decisions.
Intelligence? • So we can now define Intelligence, is the ability tolearn and understand, to solve problems and to make decisions.
Intelligence Machine? Turing Imitation game
Intelligence Machine (Cont.) • So, a machine is thought intelligent if it can achieve human-level performance in some situations. • To build an intelligent machine, we have to capture, organize and use human expert knowledge in some problem area.
What is AI? Views of AI fall into four categories: 4 3 1 2 Acting rationally Thinking humanly Acting humanly Thinking rationally
What is AI? (Thinking Humanly) • A given program must have some way of determining how human thinks. We need to get inside the actual working of human minds. There are two ways to do this – • Through introspection • Trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by. • Through psychological experiments • A child’s cognitive development. 1 Thinking humanly: The cognitive Modeling Approach
What is AI? (Acting Humanly) • Intelligent machines must possess the following capabilities – • Natural Language processing • Knowledge representation • Automated reasoning • Machine learning • To pass the total Turing test, the intelligent machine will need- • Computer vision to perceive objects • Robotics to manipulate objects and move about 2 Acting humanly: The Turing Test Approach
What is AI? (Thinking Rationally) • Syllogisms Socrates is a man; All men are mortal Therefore Socrates is mortal. • Logic These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of mind. Their study initiated the field called Logic 3 Thinking rationally: The laws of thought approach
What is AI? (Acting Rationally) 4 Rational behavior: doing the right thing The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information Acting rationally: The rational agent approach
Recommended Textbooks • [Negnevitsky, 2001] M. Negnevitsky “ Artificial Intelligence: A guide to Intelligent Systems”, Pearson Education Limited, England, 2002. • [Russel, 2003] S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall, 2003, Second Edition • [Patterson, 1990] D. W. Patterson, “Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems”, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J, USA, 1990. • [Minsky, 1974] M. Minsky “A Framework for Representing Knowledge”, MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306, 1974. • [Hubel, 1995] David H. Hubel, “Eye, Brain, and Vision” • [Ballard, 1982] D. H. Ballard and C. M. Brown, “Computer Vision”, Prentice Hall, 1982.
