Pharos university Faculty of Allied Medical SCIENCE Medical Terminology MLMT-201

1. Pharos universityFaculty of Allied Medical SCIENCEMedical TerminologyMLMT-201 Dr. Tarek El Sewedy Department of Medical Laboratory Technology Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences

2. Lecture 5 WORDS WITH TWO ROOTS & Abbreviations and symbols

3. Intended Learning Outcomes • By the end of this lecture, students will learn: • Words with two roots , Spelling, abbreviations and symbols

4. Lecture content • Words with two roots • Spelling importance • Abbreviations and symbols

5. Words with two roots • In words with 2 roots, Each word root uses a combining vowel • Remember combining vowels connect roots to suffixes and roots to other roots. • The combining vowel plus the root is called a combining form. • How many combining forms are there in the word: ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ?

6. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM Root (electricity) Combining vowels root (heart) Combining vowels Suffix Record Combing form Combining form

7. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM • Thus the entire term means: “record of the heart electricity”

8. GASTROENTEROLOGY GASTR/ O / ENTER / O / LOGY Root (“stomach”) Combining vowel Root (“intestines”) Combining vowel Suffix (“study of”) Combing form Combing form

9. GASTROENTEROLOGY • The two combining forms are GASTR/O and ENTER/O. • The entire word (reading from the suffix, back to the beginning of the term, and across) means: “study of the stomach and the intestines”

10. GASTROSCOPE GASTR / O / SCOPE Root “stomach” Combining vowel Combining form Suffix “Instrument to visually examine “Instrument to visually examine the stomach”

11. Gastroscope

12. GASTRIC GASTR/ IC Root (“stomach”) Suffix (“pertaining to”) “Pertaining to the stomach”

13. GASTR / IC • Notice that the combining vowel is not used when the suffix (-IC) begins with a vowel. • Words ending in –IC mean “pertaining to.” Gastric banding

14. Gastric ulcer

15. CARDIAC CARDI/AC CARDI ROOT(HEART) AC SUFFIX (PERTAINING TO)

16. CARDI / AC • Again, the combining vowel is dropped when the suffix (-AC) begins with a vowel. • Words ending in –AC mean “pertaining to.”

17. ENTERITIS ENTER/ ITIS Root (“intestines”) Suffix (“inflammation”) “Inflammation of the intestines”

18. ENTER / ITIS • Again, the combining vowel is dropped when the suffix (-ITIS) begins with a vowel.

19. GASTROENTERITIS GASTR / O / ENTER / ITIS Root (“stomach”) Combining vowel Root (“intestines”) Suffix (“inflammation”) “Inflammation of the stomach and intestines Combining form

20. GASTR / O / ENTER / ITIS • Notice that the combining vowel (O) remains between the two roots even though the second root (ENTER) begins with a vowel.

21. Prefix importance • Many medical terms also have a word part attached to the beginning of the term. This is called a Prefix. • It can change the meaning of a term in important ways • For example, watch what happens to the meaning of the following medical terms when the prefix changes…

22. PREFIX _____GASTRIC SUB / gastr / ic = “pertaining to below the stomach” Prefix (“below”)

23. PREFIX _____GASTRIC Trans/ gastr/ ic = “pertaining to across the stomach” Prefix (“Across”)

24. PREFIX _____GASTRIC Retro/ gastr / ic = “pertaining to behind the stomach” Prefix (“behind”)

25. Spelling • Correct spelling is critical in medical terminology and healthcare. • Misspelled words can lead to diagnostic, medication and treatment errors. • Some words look or sound similar and can be confusing.

26. Spelling • Pay attention to the context to help you figure out the correct meaning of a term. • Example: “The client has a fractured ilium” ilium = part of the hip bone ileum = part of the intestine

27. Abbreviations & symbols • Medical abbreviations and symbols are a “short hand”for medical professionals • Most have been standardized and are universally accepted.

28. Abbreviations & symbols • Individual facilities and specialties may use their own specific abbreviations and symbols or use a symbol differently depending on the context. Example: Means “change” • But In maternity care it is also used to mean “trimester”

29. Abbreviations & symbols • Don’t assume you know what an abbreviation or symbol means. • Learn the abbreviations and symbols used on your clinical site during orientation to the practice, through chart review, and by asking.

30. Abbreviations & symbols • Don’t use your own personal abbreviations in health care documents. • Use only standard medically accepted abbreviations and those used by the facility on your clinical site • Use capital and small letters appropriately • Non-standard abbreviations can result in medical errors and fines for the agency when discovered during chart audits.

31. Common abbreviations & symbols • a.c. = before meals (from "ante cibum", before meals) • b.i.d. = twice a day (from "bis in die", twice a day) • gtt. = drops (from "guttae", drops) • p.o. = by mouth, orally (from "per os", by mouth) • p.r.n. = when necessary (from "pro re nata", for an occasion that has arisen, as circumstances require, as needed) • q.d. = once a day (from "quaque die", once a day) • q.i.d. = four times a day (from "quater in die", 4 times a day)

32. Common abbreviations & symbols • q._h.: If a medicine is to be taken every so-many hours (from "quaque", every and the "h" indicating the number of hours) • q.h. = every hour • q.2h. = every 2 hours • q.3h. = every 3 hours • q.4h. = every 4 hours • t.i.d. = three times a day ("ter in die", 3 times a day) • ut dict. = as directed (from "ut dictum", as directed)

33. Common abbreviations & symbols ā before a.c. before a meal BP blood pressure PNV Potential Natural Vegetation

34. Medical abbreviations & symbols c/o complains of d/c discontinue h. hour n.p.o. Nothing by mouth n&v nausea and vomiting

35. Medical abbreviations & symbols O.D. Right eye O.S. Left eye O.U. Each eye p after p.c. After meals

36. Medical abbreviations & symbols q.d. Daily, once a day R respiration RR respiration rate s without

37. Medical abbreviations & symbols T temperature t.i.d. Three times a day TPR temperature, pulse and respiration Tx Treatment; VS vital signs Rx Prescription Wt. Weight x multiplied by

38. Medical symbols > greater than < less than ↓ decreased, down, lower ↑ increased, higher, up, elevate ↘ decreasing ↗ increasing # number

39. Medical symbols ′ foot or minute ″ inch or second o degree ♂ male ♀ female ∆ change, trimester @ at

40. Study question:give the meaning of the following shorthand • Client S.J., 24 yo, 8 weeks gestation, c/o 1st bleeding • Client S.J., 24 yo, 8 weeks gestation, c/o constipation. Recommend her PNV Rx @ her next PNV.

41. Students selected for assignments

42. Assignments • Students on next slide are requested to prepare a presentation (minimum of 5 slides) on the following topic: • Abbreviations used in medical fields Assignments should be delivered by next week

43. Study questions • - Write the suffix and the meaning for the following words hat means “condition of” in each of the following words: • 1. egotism (exaggerated self-importance) • 2. dysentery (intestinal disorder) • 3. insomnia (inability to sleep) • 4. parasitism (infection with parasites or behaving as a parasite) • 5. thrombosis (having a blood clot in a vessel) • 6. psoriasis (skin disease) • 7. analgesia (absence of pain) • 8. sclerosis (hardening)

44. Reference books 1 – Medical Terminology an illustrated Guide by Barbara Jonson Cohen 2003  2 – “Medical Terminology Simplified” F. A David 2009 3 – “Medical Terminology system : Approach Fifth Edition” Barbara A Gylys 2004