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GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN MALAYSIA

GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN MALAYSIA. ISMAIL C.MOHAMAD. Introduction Groundwater Monitoring Objectives Groundwater Monitoring Programme Monitoring Protocol Monitoring Wells Groundwater Monitoring Network Monitoring Parameters Results of Monitoring Programme Conclusion. OUTLINES.

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GROUNDWATER MONITORING IN MALAYSIA

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  1. GROUNDWATER MONITORINGIN MALAYSIA ISMAIL C.MOHAMAD

  2. Introduction Groundwater Monitoring Objectives Groundwater Monitoring Programme Monitoring Protocol Monitoring Wells Groundwater Monitoring Network Monitoring Parameters Results of Monitoring Programme Conclusion OUTLINES

  3. INTRODUCTION • One of the activities carried out by the Minerals and Geoscience Department (JMG) is to monitor the groundwater quality. • Since the programme started in 1989 until 2009, more than 400 monitoring wells were established . • It involves periodical monitoring of groundwater levels and groundwater quality at the selected wells on a periodic basis.

  4. Performed in a number of situations with varying objectives. Generally, to determine the quality and trends of water quality especially at public water supply sources. Also to determine contaminants if they are increasing, decreasing, or remaining in the same range at contamination site. JMG objective: to acquire data for regional groundwater management plans. GROUNDWATER MONITORING OBJECTIVES

  5. Initiated by the Geological Survey Department (GSD) in 1989 A network of monitoring wells was specially designed and constructed to monitor the water quality and water level changes in the alluvial aquifer systems of Kelantan River basin. Programme was expanded as to include areas where active groundwater pumping was being carried out by state water supply authority, such as in Terengganu, Pahang, Kedah and Perlis. GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAMME

  6. Monitoring was carried out using existing JKR/JBA wells and supplemented by GSD's own well where is possible In Kuantan-Pekan-Rompin area, the exploration wells constructed during Regional Hydrogeological Studies by GSD were used as monitoring wells. In that time, Hydrogeological Unit, in Ipoh role over all the monitoring programme. Previously, a total of 130 wells is monitored regularly in Peninsular Malaysia GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAMMEcont..

  7. Location of Groundwater Monitoring Sites A – Kota Bharu (Network) B – Kg. Kepong, K. Terengganu C – Kg. Sg. Ular, Kuantan D – Kg. Padang, Kuantan E – Nenasi Water work, Pekan F – Kuantan – Pekan (Network) G – Kuala Rompin H – Kg. Pulau Manis, Pekan I – Kg. Bohor Bharu, Temerloh J – Arau, Perlis K – Alor Semadong, Perlis L – Chuping, Perlis M – Rimba Mas, Perlis N – Bukit Kemoja, P. Langkawi O – Bukit Dundong, P. Langkawi P – Teluk Datuk, Olak Lempit

  8. LOCATION OF MONITORING WELL SITES IN MALAYSIA

  9. GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAMMEcont.. • Groundwater monitoring programme carried out by Department of Environment (DOE) has been intensifically established since 1997. • The groundwater monitoring programme was expanded for Sarawak in October 2002 and Sabah in December 2002. • To-date there are 122 groundwater monitoring wells that constitute the DOE‘s monitoring network. • Monitoring well sites targeted at areas potentially vulnerable to contamination which based on landuse. (eg. industrial, animal burial, rural, urban/suburban, agricultural area; golf courses and landfills).

  10. Groundwater Monitoring sites - DOE

  11. MONITORING PROTOCOL • Involves twice-a-year measurements of groundwater level and sampling • Generally the field sampling campaigns are designed to correspond, as far as possible, to the dry (August - October) and the rainy seasons (January- March). • In Kelantan, monthly groundwater level measurements were carried out to monitor groundwater fluctuation by pumping activities at public water supply well fields. • Parameters such as temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen were also measured in the field. • Monitoring of ground subsidence at some critical well fields such as in Kelantan and Selangor

  12. Measuring Water Level Water level meter

  13. Groundwater Sampling

  14. MONITORING WELL • Generally, two types of monitoring wells are used which is cluster type and individual wells. • Cluster type represents as a multilevel-type of monitoring system that permits sampling of groundwater from several different depths. • This type of well was constructed in monitoring well networks at Kelantan (Kelantan River Basin), Selangor (Langat River Basin) and Pahang (Pekan-Nenasi area). • The individual wells are mainly exploration wells that converted to monitoring wells.

  15. TYPICAL MONITORING WELL DESIGN Individual Type ClusterType

  16. Groundwater Monitoring Network • Kelantan River Basin • Total 69 Nos. of monitoring wells (cluster and individual type) • Constructed on 1989-1992 • Well depth ranging from 10m – 75m • Langat River Basin • Total 24 Nos. of monitoring wells (12 shallow and 12 deep) • Constructed on 1998-2000 • Well depth ranging from 5m – 50m • Kuantan – Pekan – Rompin • Total 31 Nos. of monitoring wells • Constructed on 1991-1992 • Well depth ranging from 6.1m – 119.5m

  17. Groundwater Monitoring System in Kelantan River Basin

  18. Fence diagram of Alluvial Aquifer System of Kelantan River Basin

  19. Groundwater Monitoring Well(s) in Telok Datuk-Olak Lempit area, Selangor

  20. Groundwater Monitoring Well(s) in Kuantan-Pekan-Rompin area, Pahang

  21. MONITORING PARAMETERS

  22. RESULTS OF MONITORING Kelantan • Generally, no serious adverse impact on environment has been noted at the present abstraction • Groundwater in the shallow aquifer is subjected to contamination with nitrate from agricultural activities • In Tanjung Mas well-field - a slight chloride increase is noted due to vertical leakage of brakish water from overlying impounding layer • Presently, no subsidence / structural effect have been noted

  23. RESULTS OF MONITORING Pahang • Results from the monitoring programme shows that the overall groundwater quality remain at the original state except in the confined aquifer of Tanjung Batu and Nenasi areas, which register increase in chloride content. • A significant lowering of groundwater level also was indicated in the confined aquifer in Pekan - Nenasi area due to large scale groundwater abstraction in this area in 1996 until 2001. While, the groundwater level for others areas remain high. • Iron is also generally high and can even exceed 30 mg/l. • Nitrate is generally low except in the Sungai Merchong area where values between 10-20 mg/l are noted.

  24. Variation of Groundwater Level and Chloride Concentration at Nenasi Water works

  25. Potentiometric Surface of Deep Aquifer System in Kuantan – Pekan – Rompin Area – From 1990 to 2001 1990 1993 1996 2000 2001

  26. Tahun 1996 Tahun 2001 Tahun 1993

  27. RESULTS OF MONITORING cont… Selangor • From the initial observations made at the monitoring wells, the quality of groundwater does not change much as only some variations occur. • The high values of chloride is found only at the western part of the lower Sungai Langat basin closer to the coast. • Only few monitoring wells show results which have some influence on the pumping activities. The obvious drops in water level is the monitoring well MWDI.

  28. Potentiometric Surface - August 2008 -2 O +2 -28-

  29. RESULTS OF MONITORING Land Subsidence • In Langat River Basin, elevations of twenty shallow (20) benchmarks were measured to monitor the land subsidence. • JICA reported on 2002, a total of eight (8) benchmarks, namely BM3, 4, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 20, indicate continuous settlement. • Consolidation by draining of peaty/clayey material that are widely spread over the Basin may result in the subsidence around the area.

  30. Land subsidence measurement by 20 shallow benchmarks with corresponding deep datum Land Subsidence Measurement

  31. GROUND SUBSIDENCE CONTOUR • Monitoring on ground subsidence, showing in 8 years period, the ground subsidence is about 20-30cm • Occur in area about 1 km from the active pumping activity (Megasteel).

  32. RESULTS OF MONITORING Sarawak • Two areas that have significant change in groundwater quality is Kabong and Igan. Other areas have little change in groundwater quality. Changes in concentrations and trends of some ions such as sulfate may be suggested that groundwater is being partly affected by human activities such as agricultural activities. Sabah • Overall groundwater quality is good except of iron, manganese, and nitrate slightly exceeded WHO standard. Perak • The general water quality is good, except of high iron content (well No. 151 – 178)

  33. RESULTS OF MONITORING Kedah • The general water quality at both the monitoring sites remains good, and no significant change from the original quality is noted except of high iron content Perlis • In Arau, Perlis, the chloride content is slightly higher than usual for groundwater derived from a limestone aquifer due to mixing of slightly brackish water from the overlying clay. ). • Elevated of nitrate level (10-25 mg/l) found in groundwater sample collected from Rimba Mas well due to anthropogenic activities carried out from agricultural practices in the surrounding area. Pulau Pinang • Chloride content found exceeded WHO drinking water standard content found in groundwater sample collected from Permatang Bongor area..

  34. RESULTS OF MONITORING Negeri Sembilan • The general water quality at both the monitoring sites remains good, and no significant change from the original quality is noted except of high iron content. High fluoride content found in groundwater sample collected from Jelebu area. Melaka • No significant change from the original quality is noted except of high iron content. Elevated fluoride level found in groundwater sample collected from Alor Gajah area (MTW 32) Johor • The groundwater quality remains very good and no significant changes. Terengganu • The groundwater quality remains very good and no significant changes.

  35. CONCLUSION • The overall groundwater quality remain at the original state except in the confined aquifer of Tanjung Batu areas of Pahang. • Generally, iron and manganese content in groundwater usually found exceeding the limits recommended by the WHO especially in alluvial aquifer. • However, due to rapid urbanisation and industrial as well as agricultural developments, there is an increasing threat of contamination to the groundwater • Groundwater protection zone need to be established to avoid contamination and sterilization of aquifers

  36. Thank you

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