Cold War and Decolonization 1945-1989

1. Cold War and Decolonization1945-1989 SSWH19 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold War and decolonization from 1945 to 1989. a. Analyze the revolutionary movements in India (Gandhi, Nehru), China (Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-shek), and Ghana.

2. Revolutionary Movement - India • India has had a history of tension between the indigenous Hindu and the Muslims who had ruled the region for centuries • India was a British colony • Britain had taken over through trade connections as the Mughal dynasty was declining. • British in the East Indian Company began a system called “the Raj” • Treaties and agreements were signed with native princes • trained natives for its own military • gained control of the country by viewing it as a source of profit. • Infrastructure had been developed • administration established • an entire structure of governance built. • India had become a profitable venture, and the British didn’t want the Indian population to have any power • As the scandals came over the Company, the British government began to take over & established solid colonial control.

3. The Indians didn’t like not having a voice in their own government, and as the 20th century dawned there were increasing movements towards self-rule. • There were also increasing tensions between Muslims and Hindu. • The Muslims had always been a minority, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence • In 1915, Mohandas Gandhi came onto the scene, calling for unity between the two groups

4. Ghandi • Had strong leadership skills • Used totally non-violent mass movement to gain independence • He led by example, • Wore homespun clothes to weaken the British textile industry • Orchestrating nonviolent protests like the Salt March • These skills made him one of the most remarkable leaders the world has ever known.

5. Independence came at great cost (1947-1948). • Gandhi was leading a largely Hindu movement • Mohammed Ali Jinnah led a Muslim one through a group called the Muslim League. • Jinnah advocated the division of India into two separate states: Muslim and Hindu, • Was successful: Indian independence brought about India and Pakistan • violence erupted when stranded Muslims and Hindu minorities in the divided areas tried to move • Within a few weeks, half a million people had died. • Gandhi vowed to fast until the violence stopped, which it did when his health was seriously threatened. • The British returned and helped restore order.

6. Nehru • In 1948, on the eve of independence, Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. • His right-hand man, Jawarhalal Nehru, became India's first Prime Minister (1948-1964). • Nehru was a successful leader, steering the young nation through a period of peace

7. He had a secular approach to politics that contrasted with Gandhi's religious and traditionalist attitude • While Nehru talked in an increasingly modern idiom, Gandhi was harking back to the glories of ancient India • Imparted modern values and ways of thinking • Brought India into the modern age of scientific discovery and technological development • Taught social concern with the poor and outcast • Respect for democratic values • Reform of the ancient Hindu civil code that let Hindu widows to enjoy equality with men in matters of inheritance and property • Foreign policy • anti-colonialism at the start • neutrality after 1961

8. Revolutionary Movement in China • China had already undergone one revolution • Led by Sun Yat-Sen’s Revolutionary Alliance (Sun was out of the country) • Group would become Nationalist Party • Based in the middle class workers in the cities. • ended the Qing Dynasty • Recognized a military leader – General Yuan Shigai (Yoo-ahn Shur-gie) – as the new president • Ended up ruling like a dictator

9. General Yuan Shigai was unpopular • used terror & murder to destroy democratic ideals that began the revolution • Betrayed the Chinese dynasty he was sworn to protect. • After his death in 1916, China fell into civil war with no central government.

10. During the civil war, two opposing factions rose • Sun Yat Sen’s Nationalist Party • Chinese Communist Party (CCP) • They joined together to oppose the regional warlords and re-establish a central government in China. • When Sun Yat Sen died in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek become head of Nationalist Party

11. Chiang Kai-shek(Jee-ahngKy-shehk) • In April 1927, he turned on the CCP – Shanghai Massacre • Communists went into hiding • Formed a new Chinese republic at Nanjing • Worked to reunify China and beat out the Communist influence in China

12. Mao Zedong (Mow Dzuh-Doong) • Leader of the CCP in the Jiangxi (jee-ahng-shee) province • Believed the power to change China lay with the discontent peasant class • Geared the Communist Party to appeal to them.

13. Chiang Kai-Shek v. Mao Zedong • Chiang Kai-Shek pushed the Communists out of North China into Mao’s base in Jiangxi in 1931. • Chiang Kai-Shek then turned against Mao’s camp • Nationalists had more forces • Communists used guerrilla tactics, but • Nationalists were finally able to surround Mao’s Communist Camp. • Communists (People’s Liberation Army) broke through Nationalist’s lines and began Long March (6000 miles to reach NW China Communist Camp)

14. After 1 year, Communists reach the camp (1935) • Lost 90% of their troops • Mao became the sole leader of the Communist Party • Appeared the communist threat was over. Chiang Kai-shek firmly established control.

15. Chiang Kai-Shek’s New China • Held to Sun Yat Sen’s 3-step plan to republican government. • 1st step completed – military takeover • 2nd step – transitional phase now beginning • Final step would be constitutional democracy • Began political tutelage (training) • Used dictatorial power to carry out a land-reform program and modernize industry

16. Problems facing the new government: • peasant class (who were still weak and drained by years of warfare) • Tried to introduce foreign ideas to culturally conservative population – New Life Movement • Threat of Japanese imperialism in the North • Great Depression

17. Positive Impact of Chiang Kai-shek • Massive road-building projects • Repaired and extended railroads • National bank • Improved education system • Negative impact • Did not press programs that would redistribute wealth (because support was with the wealthy) • Censorship • Suppression of opposition

18. Mao Zedong v. Chaing Kai-shek Part II • By 1945, Communists in North had regained power & there was war again • Nationalist China in the South • Communist China in the North • Communists appealed to the peasants in the countryside, and they joined the People’s Liberation Army.

19. By 1949, People’s Liberation Army had defeated the Nationalists. Chiang and 2 million followers retreated to Taiwan. • China was now Communist.

20. Mao Zedong • 1955, launched a program to build a socialist society. • Land was taken from wealthy and given to the poor peasants. • Private farm land was collectivized, hoping for increased food production which did not occur. • Most industry and commerce was nationalized.

21. To speed up economic growth, Mao began radical program called Great Leap Forward in 1958. • Combining collective farms into communes – 30,000 people • Hoped to reach final stage of communism – the classless society. • Failure! Bad weather & peasant hatred of system drove down food production • 15 million people died of starvation • 1960 the program was cancelled.

22. Mao thought to reach classless society they needed permanent revolution • 1966 – Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • Red Guards were formed to eliminate the 4 olds: ideas, habits, customs, culture • Destroyed temples, foreign books, foreign music, old street names, street signs & symbols • Vicious attacks on people who deviated from Mao’s plan

23. After Mao Zedong • Mao died in 1976, and was succeeded by Deng Xaioping • He disagreed about the constant state of revolution • Created a new program called Four Modernizatons: industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense • Leased collective farms out to peasant families • Invited foreign investors • Sent students abroad to study • Overall, policies were successful and improved standard of living for the Chinese in the 1980s. • Still, the people wanted democracy…

24. Revolutionary Movement in Ghana • Ghana was known as the Gold Coast • a British colony at the turn of the 20th century. • The British had been trading with them for many years. (slave trade as it was ending under British pressure, etc...) • Educated elites in the Gold Coast founded a United Gold Coast Confederation in 1947 set to achieve their independence in as little time as possible.

25. Ghana’s independence was gained on March 6, 1957 • The first in black Africa. • Independence was gained through a series of non-violent protests and political moves over the course of 10 years. • An important figure head of the movement was Kwame Nkrumah.

26. Revolutionary Movement in Ghana • Kwame Nkrumah. • Inspired by the independence of India from Britain, in 1947 • Saw the possibility of defeating imperial Britain with coordinated and consistent political struggle against colonial rule. • became a symbol of the anti-colonial struggle in the Gold Coast (as Ghana was known before independence) and the rest of Africa. • His formation of the anti-colonialist party, Convention People’s Party (CPP), gave a radical spur to the independence struggle and set the stage for the exit of the British colonialists. • was genuinely committed to using the resources of Ghana for the industrial development and economic growth of the country.

27. Revolutionary Movement in Ghana • Nkrumah openly asserted capitalism was unable to achieve the goals of development. • His socialism was based on the model of the Stalinist Soviet Union and a utopian African version of socialism. • State owned companies: set up state-owned companies and public utilities to provide some basic needs for the people, but they were mismanaged and plagued by corruption.

28. Revolutionary Movement in Ghana • Economic downturn created a social crisis that made the Nkrumah’s government unpopular. • Nkrumah became dictatorial and took some draconian measures against the widespread protests and disaffection to his government. • He declared strike actions illegal, arrested and detained opposition activists, without trial, and declared Ghana a one-party state with himself as life president. • He was ousted by a military coup in 1966 • But his legacy in the independence movement was a catalyst to the struggle for liberation from colonial rule across the continent.

29. SSWH19 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold War and decolonization from 1945 to 1989. b. Describe the formation of the state of Israel.

30. Formation of Israel • Israel’s neighbors: • Lebanon in the north • Syria in the northeast • Jordan in the east • Egypt on the southwest • The West Bank and Gaza Strip are also adjacent. • Israel is the world's only Jewish state. • also home to Arab Muslims, Christians, Druze, Samaritans, as well as other religious and ethnic minority groups.

32. History of The Formation of Israel • Roots of Israel the nation are in the Land of Israel • After World War I, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine • intent of creating a Jewish nation • After World War II, in 1947, the United Nations approved the partition of the Mandate of Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. • The Arab League rejected the plan • May 14, 1948,the Jewish provisional government declared Israel's independence. • The new country's victory in the subsequent Arab-Israeli War expanded the borders of the Jewish state beyond those in the UN Partition Plan.

33. History of The Formation of Israel • Since then, Israel has been in conflict with many of their neighbors. • Since its foundation, the boundaries and even its very existence have been disputed • Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan • efforts are being made to reach a permanent accord with the Palestinians.

34. SSWH19 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold War and decolonization from 1945 to 1989. c. Explain the arms race; include development of the hydrogen bomb (1954) and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, 1972).

35. Arms Race • Communism versus capitalism • Opposite ends of the economic and political spectrum. • Each viewed the other as a threat • Led to an arms race • The rush to develop and have the latest and most powerful weapons on your side in the largest quantities. • This included the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles – able to reach anywhere in the world. • Thought: this will protect us from aggression from the other side.

36. NUCLEAR WEAPONS • Since World War II, there has been ever increasing exploration in the field of nuclear weapons. There are two main types: • Nuclear fission • Nuclear fusion • The atomic bomb, detonated by the USA during WWII against Japan is a nuclear fission weapon. • Nuclear Fission bombs produce great explosive power results from the sudden release of energy upon the splitting, or fission, of the nuclei of heavy elements such as plutonium or uranium. Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima: 8/6/1945 15 kilotons (like 15,000 tons of TNT)

37. NUCLEAR WEAPONS • Hydrogen bombs are nuclear weapons that release atomic energy by union of light (hydrogen isotopes) nuclei at high temperatures to form helium  • First hydrogen bomb test was a 10.4 megaton bomb exploded on November 1, 1952 at Enewatak, west of Bikini by the USA • It destroyed one island and left a crater 175 feet deep. • Hundreds of times more powerful than that used over Hiroshima. MIKE bombing at Enewatak: 11/1/1952 10.4 megatons (like 10,400,000 tons of TNT) – 700x bigger than Nagasaki

38. HYDROGEN BOMB • The biggest ever man-made explosion until the Russians in 1961 • 50 megaton bomb (like 50,000,000 tons of TNT) • Detonated in the air, 2.5 miles above Earth’s surface. • The heat from the explosion could have caused 3rd degree burns 62 miles away from ground zero. • The mushroom cloud was about 40 miles high (7x height of Everest) and 25 miles wide. • The explosion could be seen and felt in Finland and Sweden, even breaking window there. • The seismic shock created by the detonation was measurable even on its third passage around the Earth. The Tsar Bomba's massive fireball, measuring 5.0 miles in diameter touched the ground, and nearly reached the altitude of the deploying bomber

39. Tsar Bomba’s test site in the Artic Ocean, North of the Soviet Union.

40. NUCLEAR WEAPONS Since creating the large, most destructive bombs, the skill has been perfected to the point where smaller land-based missiles, submarines, battleships, and aircraft torpedoes also have nuclear capacity with much more targeted effects. Some to cause low structural damage, but high radiation and human damage. Some to cause massive structural damage with less radiation fallout. Some to contaminate the land beyond further use.

42. SALT (1972) • SALT is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Agreement, also known as Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels for at least 5 years. • Signed between the USA and Soviet Union • Tried to stop the continued build-up of weapons on both sides.

43. Currently Has Nukes (Members of NNPT) USA Russia United Kingdom France China Iran (Developing) Syria (Developing) Currently with Nukes (Non-members of NNPT) India Pakistan North Korea Israel (Denies) NUCLEAR WEAPONS

44. SSWH19 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold War and decolonization from 1945 to 1989. d. Compare and contrast the reforms of Khrushchev and Gorbachev.

45. Nikita Khrushchev • Emerged as leader of USSR when Stalin died in 1953. • Adopted many policies to undo the worst of Stalin’s regime – called de-Stalinization. • Loosed government control on literature • More emphasis on producing consumer goods & heavy industry • Attempted to increase agricultural output (was unsuccessful) • Increased military spending (remember: arms race) • Forced into retirement in 1964 after the Cuban Missile Crisis.

46. Mikhail Gorbachev • Took office in 1985 • “New Thinking” – rethink Soviet foreign policy • Agreed to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear weapons with USA • 1st step to slow down arms race • Hoped to make economic and internal reform & needed money that was being spent on arms race. • Stopped militarily supporting communist governments in Eastern Europe. • Allowed for revolutionary movements in those countries and eventually to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.

47. Gorbachev Continued • Social Policies • Glasnost: openness in public discussion of Soviet problems (earlier leaders oppressed those who criticized communism) • Perestroika: restructuring • 1st – economic: start a market economy with limited free enterprise and some private property • 2nd – political reform: set up elected parliament & did away with provision guaranteeing Communist Party the leading role in government • Created a new position of President of Soviet Union • Less strict control over ethnic groups led to nationalist movements in areas of the USSR and the eventually dissolution of the Soviet Union into many other countries.

48. SSWH19 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold War and decolonization from 1945 to 1989. e. Analyze efforts in the pursuit of freedom; include anti-apartheid, Tiananmen Square, and the fall of the Berlin Wall.

49. Pursuit of Freedom: Anti-Apartheid • Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. • began in colonial times, but became official policy following the election of 1948. • classified inhabitants into racial groups (black, white, coloured, and Indian), • residential areas were segregated by means of forced removals. • Blacks were stripped of their citizenship • segregated education, medical care, and other public services, and provided black people with services inferior to those of whites.

50. Pursuit of Freedom: Anti-Apartheid • Blacks demonstrated against apartheid but were repressed by the white government. • 1960 – police fired on peaceful march, killing 69 people, most of whom were shot in the back. • Leader of African National Congress, Nelson Mandela was arrested (life imprisonment) – in prison until 1990 • Led to the call for armed resistance. • Finally the government released Mandela and allowed free elections – which he won to become president in 1994