Ancient Greece

1. Ancient Greece World History Chapter 5

2. Greek Geography • Greek city-states developed into the Med. Region • Aegean Sea separates Balkan peninsula from Asia minor • Many mountains; no important river • Grew grapes, olives • Lots of coastline for trading

3. Minoan Civilization • Island of Crete • Painted frescoes (made of wet plaster on walls) • Bad soil; used sea for trading • Volcanoes destroyed island and invaders finished the job to kill off survivors

4. Mycenaeans & Dorians • Invaders from the north • Built cities on Peloponnesus (Tiryns and Pylos) – city of Troy was also destroyed • After the Mycenaeanswere destroyed, the Dorians took over

5. Early Greece • Created city-states like Athens and Sparta • Polis – Greek word for city-state (means “fort”) • Chora – the surrounding land outside the city walls • Greek city-states had: • Small size • Small population • Had a fort (polis) on a hill (acropolis) • Had public meeting place (agora) - market

6. Early Greece Continued • City-states had a similar gov’t which grew into small kingdoms • Age of Kings • Oral communication between kingdoms • Poets and bards told tales, sang folk songs, ballads, and epics (long poems describing heroes and great events)

7. Iliad and Odyssey • Written by Homer (a blind poet) • Iliad describes the 10th year of Trojan War • The Odyssey describes the adventures of Odysseus

8. Greek Religion • Not focused on morality • Not focused on the afterlife • Hades – god of the underworld • Believed their gods had human qualities • Lived on Mount Olympus • Developed myths (stories about deeds of the gods)

9. Greek Gods • Zeus – god of all gods (sky) • Hera – his wife and sister (women and protection) • Poseidon – brother of Zeus (sea) • Athena – daughter of Zeus (wisdom) • Aphrodite – daughter of Zeus (love, beauty) • Apollo – light, music, poetry • Dionysus – fertility and wine

10. Early Greek Development • 700 B.C. - nobles rose to power (they gave men to kings to serve in the military) • Merchants developed • Colonies developed (increased trade) • Developed imports and exports (goods brought in or taken out to other regions)

11. Greek governments • Nobles controlled city-states (aristocracies – privileged social class) • Tyrants – controlled by force; ruled alone • They always promised peace and prosperity and to defend against nobles • They helped maintain peace to better trade • Some got rid of tyrants and restore monarchies and aristocracies; others formed democracies (gov’t in which all citizens take part)

12. Sparta • Dorians move south and conquer Sparta and make it their capital • Sparta had no city walls • 3 types of men in Sparta • Ancestors of Dorian invaders – controlled the government • Neighbors – free people but not citizens • Helots – agriculture laborers forced to work

13. Info on Sparta • Gov’t – council of elders • Had 5 elected ephors that oversaw everything (1 year terms) • Military state; weak babies left to die; 7 yr old boys lived in military barracks; bare pain; harsh; in army till 60; no shoes; 1 garment of clothing • Age 30 – married a healthy female • No art, literature, philosophy, science

14. Athens • No upper-class invaders like Sparta • No good soil; became sea traders • 3 social groups • Top citizens – both parents • Metics – free but could not own land • Slaves • Only citizens that owned land could vote

15. Athens Government • Elected 9 archons (rulers that served 1 year terms) that made all laws • Draco, Solon, Pisistratus, and Cleishenes moved Athens gov’t closer to democracy • All males over 20 voted in an assembly (direct democracy) compared to the U.S. (representative democracy)

16. Athens Economy • Farming – most honorable job • Athens had bad soil that was hard & rocky; terracing was used • Sheep, goats, milk, cheese, wool, meat, fish = trading • Built temples, buildings, houses (made of sundried brick) • Oil lamps lighting, no plumbing, had narrow streets, no paving, no sewage, no cleaning

17. Athens Life • Marriage – arranged by parents (13 yr old girls to 28 yr old men was not uncommon) • Babies left to die if family could not afford to support • Married women had some legal rights but needed permission from husband to go in public • Pedagogue – male slave that took care of male babies and taught manners

18. Athens Education • Boys attended school if $ was good • Studied grammar, math, reading, music • Read the Iliad and the Odyssey • Sophist (Greek for wise) – taught older boys; they studied poetry, gov’t, ethics, geometry, astronomy and rhetoric (Public speaking or debating) • 18 yr old boys attended military training; 19 yr old boys had celebration for becoming a citizen

19. Elsewhere in the world… • 546 B.C. – Cyrus of Persia conquered Greece • Persians let the Greeks keep gov’t but made them pay taxes • 499 B.C. – rebellions broke out (Persian Wars) • Cyrus’ son Darius crushed the revolts • Still mad at Greece but couldn’t conquer Athens and peace ensued for 10 years

20. Persian Wars continued… • Darius’ son Xerxes (army of 200,000) marched south and Athenians fled to Salamis (island) • Persians destroyed Athens • But Xerxes’ navy was destroyed and he fled home • This gave Greece confidence (Golden Age) and they built huge temples and public buildings

21. Persian Wars continued… • Greek city-states banded together and formed the Delian League (140 states) • Gave $ and ships; could not retreat unless unanimous • By 450 B.C. it became the Athens empire • Pericles – greatest leader for 16 years

22. A New War on the Horizon • Athens and Sparta still had cultural differences • Athens – progressive, commercial, culturally advanced • Sparta – agricultural, conservative, culturally backward • Athens thought Spartans were rude and Sparta thought Athens was money hungry

23. Breakout – Peloponnesian War • Sparta invades Attica – the area around Athens • Athenians withdraw to inside their walls but catch a plague that kills ¼ of their pop. (including Pericles) • Peloponnesian War lasts from 431 B.C. till 404 B.C. when Athens finally surrenders • Spartans mistreat Athenians but Thebes comes in & eventually kill off the Spartans

24. Random pictures of Greece…

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