law enforcement bureaucracy and homeland security

1. Law Enforcement Bureaucracy and Homeland Security Chapter 16 Prepared by: Babette Protz

3. Bureaucracy and Preventing Terrorism Large organizations are difficult to manage Weber argues that bureaucracy should be designed to accomplish specific purposes Labor should be divided into specific functions All functions of the organization are to assemble logically to produce the whole

4. Intelligence and Bureaucracy Homeland security calls for new alliances among federal agencies and cooperative relations among local, state, and federal levels of government Administrator at DHS, DOJ, the FBI, and the office of the Director of National Intelligence have recognized the importance of state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies

5. State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Bureaucracies Consensus needed among different police agencies Needs of homeland security and individuals communities must be addressed to provide overall security One method that will accomplish this goal is task orientation Task orientation focuses the actions of individuals departments

6. State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Bureaucracies Facing the many different organizations that compose state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies is the problem of transforming bureaucracy Cooperative efforts of community policing and the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP) show how local law enforcement agencies can participate with the multitude of federal agencies Carter � homeland security extends what state, local, and tribal agencies are already doing

7. Border Patrol Borders of the U.S. are vulnerable in several areas Long stretches of unprotected areas along the northern and southern borders are wide open for infiltration Over 300 seaports must be secured Air travel and entry points require security Accounting for noncitizens within U.S. borders

8. Border Patrol A survey of 500 border patrol agents and 500 immigration inspectors from the Border Protection and U.S. customs divisions revealed that only 16% were satisfied with the efforts of DHS Majority of respondents complained of low morale Line level personnel

9. Policy Disputes The 9-11 Commission Report addressed border security recommending reforms More than 500M people cross U.S. borders every year, 330M are foreigners Reform is essential The system is unable to provide security or monitor foreigners in the U.S. Some policies of DHS have not been popular with other countries Fingerprinting and photographing

10. Immigration Debate Buchanan � unregulated flow of immigrants from the southern border opens the door to terrorist infiltration Allowing unregulated influx of Hispanics from the south, U.S. risks not only terrorism, but destruction of American culture Critics dismissed Buchanan as right wing Same argument presented by scholars such as Samuel Huntington

11. Immigration Debate Diminyatz � failure to protect the southern border represents four major national security threats Terrorism and weapons of mass destruction Drug trafficking Human smuggling Infectious disease Most significant threat comes from terrorism and organized crime To correct the situation U.S. military forces should be deployed along the border until civilian law enforcement can be consolidated and effective barriers can be established

12. Immigration Debate Others are of the opinion that immigration does not affect homeland security Sebastian Mallaby Some law enforcement officials may not welcome the idea of joining a federal partnership to secure borders Securing information from legal and illegal immigrants Maintaining relationships with the illegal community

13. Immigration Debate Debate on immigration is problematic The very nature of the problem is under dispute Some claim it is not a problem, others claim it is a big problem There is confusion about the relationship between local law enforcement and federal agencies Further complicated by the number of federal agencies with a role in security and immigration Current laws meant to monitor immigrants are not followed

14. Infrastructure Protection Clarke � there are a number of threats facing the nation�s infrastructure Most computer systems are vulnerable to viruses Nation�s power system and technological organizations that support it are vulnerable to disruptions Internet and computer networks that support these systems are also vulnerable to attack Shut down electrical grids and computers � shut down transportation and communication

15. Infrastructure Protection Clarke � FBI should not have been lead agency for infrastructure protection Can also be argued that state and local law enforcement should not play the leading role in infrastructure protection Role more appropriately suited to technological specialists Private industries (i.e., General Motors, Wal-Mart) have excellent information gathering and security systems Private industries often share information with the government for the public good One-way flow of information

16. Infrastructure Protection All levels of law enforcement are faced with the problems of technical specialists and access to privately owned portions of the infrastructure Links with the public and private organizations are necessary Linkages should be developed in two crucial areas Police should be linked to the security forces already associated with infrastructure functions State and local law enforcement agencies must establish formal and informal networks with the organizations in their jurisdictions

17. Infrastructure Protection Police agencies should be involved in protecting their own information infrastructures Most police agencies integrate electronic management systems into their routines If these systems are disrupted, law enforcement agencies would be unable to defend the community or their support systems

18. Thinking Internationally Terrorism is an abstract concept fluctuating according to political circumstances Security forces require people with critical thinking skills Abstract reasoning skills Knowledge of international politics and history Specialized expertise in particular regions Law enforcement agencies in the U.S. generally do not have skilled specialists Presents problems as DHS tries to create information networks

19. Rivalries Federal agencies, at times, act more like rivals than partners 9-11 Commission noted this in its report Federal agencies failure to cooperate with each other can influence local police relationships Many police executives in the U.S. are not convinced that the FBI is in partnership with efforts to stop terrorism If law enforcement in the U.S. is to become part of homeland defense, the relationship between FBI and local law enforcement must improve

20. Local Control and Revenue Sources Civil libertarians believe consolidated police power will erode civil rights Local government officials worry their agendas will be lost in the federal maze Costs of homeland security responsibilities adds a level of frustration to local governments Some jurisdictions want homeland security money distributed evenly Larger jurisdictions argue that money should be distributed according to likelihood of attack Others are concerned that homeland security grants are given to local governments for bizarre reasons $36,000 to the state of Kentucky to keep terrorists from infiltrating bingo halls

21. Border Security: Critique and Reform Bureaucracies in the U.S. are squandering the opportunity to defend the itself Flynn � U.S. has made two crucial mistakes Homeland security separated from national security Infrastructure is vulnerable to attack U.S. has not organized its resources for defense Prepared to fight overseas while neglecting to protect the home front

22. Border Security: Critique and Reform Flynn � According to the CIA, weapons of mass destruction would most likely be smuggled into the U.S. by sea Difficult to inspect all of the cargo containers in seaports Oceans represent an opportunity for terrorists Bush administration has done very little to protect the nation�s seaports U.S., in 2004, spent more money every three days to fight the war in Iraq than it has in three years of protecting seaports

23. Border Security: Critique and Reform Nation�s critical infrastructure remains open to attack Department of Defense, in 2005, was allotted $7.6 billion to enhance the fortifications of its bases In the same budget the infrastructure for the entire nation received $2.6 billion Dirty bombs and chemical threats can be developed from hazardous material Over the past three years funds to secure the disposal of such material have been drastically reduced

24. Border Security: Critique and Reform While enhanced border security is necessary, this alone will not protect the U.S. against a terrorist attack Jihadists are fully aware of vulnerabilities in the infrastructure Safest and most effect way to hit the U.S. is to hit the infrastructure Jihadists understand the economic effect of their actions

25. Border Security: Critique and Reform Flynn � Development of an integrated system against terrorism would reduce the drug trade, contraband smuggling, and theft Law enforcement agencies should look for weaknesses in the system, probe them, and make changes based on the results Not every attack can be prevented; however, most terrorism can be deterred through cooperative partnership

26. JTTF System The JTTF system may serve as an example for the first step in law enforcement cooperation Creation of a system that separates criminal and national security intelligence Regional units designed to combat terrorism combine Local police officers State police officers Various federal police officers Prosecutors Correctional officers Local and state officers are given federal authority; these officers� presence give federal agents the ability to act in local jurisdictions Local police are in a perfect position to engage in intelligence gathering activities France Germany Canadians and British