The Middle Ages

1. The Middle Ages Dark Ages, Medieval Period From _______ to _________ 1485 1066

2. The Norman Conquest • The Norman Conquest took place in ______ at the ____________________. It lasted ______. • King _________ of England and Duke ___________ of Normandy (France) both fought over the ______________. Because ______________, the previous king, died without an heir, each thought he had been promised the crown. • _______ won. 1066 1 DAY Battle of Hastings, England Harold William Throne of England King Edward William

3. The Norman Conquest continued • This battle had a dramatic effect on English ____________________. • The Duke of Normandy, also known as William the ________, did not wish to eliminate the Anglo-Saxons. Instead, he wanted to _____ them. • As a result of this wish, the two societies ______ (combined into one). history, language, and culture Conqueror rule merged

4. The Norman Conquest continued • The Normans brought ___________ ability, ______, and cultural _____ to the new society. • The Anglo-Saxons brought __________________ tendencies to the new society. administrative law and order unity democratic and artistic

5. The Norman Conquest continued • One of William’s greatest administrative feats was the ____________, an inventory of nearly all English _________ (land, cattle, buildings, etc.). This great achievement made it possible for people to be _____ for the first time in European history. • The joining of the Normans with the Anglo-Saxon culture formed a powerful __________entity that brought England into the ________ of European ________. Domesday Book property taxed Anglo-Norman mainstream civilization

6. The Norman Conquest continued • King William took the holdings of land, cattle, etc. from the fallen _______ landowners and gave these to the __________. • These noblemen brought with them the ______________ and a new ___________ called feudalism that displaced the Anglo-Saxon culture described in such writings as ______. English French nobility French language social system Beowulf

7. Feudalism • Feudalism involved different kinds of systems: the ____ system, a social ranking based on birth, job; the property system and the _____ system. • Feudalism was based on a religious concept of a ________ with ______ being the supreme overlord. Because of this, the people believed that the king was placed into power by_____ and so he was authorized to rule and hold land by __________. caste military hierarchy God God divine right

8. Feudalism continued triangle • The structure of feudalism can best be visualized as a _______, with God on the top, then the _____, then the knights who owned ______, then the ________ knights, other vassals (those under the protection of a ___________ to whom he has vowed homage and extreme loyalty), and lastly ______. Each person was a vassal to the one above him, for example, the King was a vassal of God and the serf was a vassal of his overlord, the landless knights, the landed knights, the King and God. • Each vassal owed economic and/or military _________ to his overlord. Vassals who chose to _______their overlord, or _____ overloads who couldn’t control their people, could cause feudalism to break down. King land landless feudal lord serfs allegiance disobey weak

9. Feudalism continued • If the vassals don’t _______their oaths of ______ to their overlords, knights would fight with each other and _________ would prevail. • Even with its faults, ________ gave this time period a _________ of form (structure) and ___________ that permeated ____________. honor loyalty anarchy feudalism social order manners and art literature and life

10. Feudalism continued • The primary duty of every male above serf class was a _______________ to his overlord. These males were trained at an early age (from around age 7) to become ________. Not every boy could become a knight, only those whose parents were ________enough to buy him a horse, armor, and weapons. Knights were often the sons of _________. • A knight’s education involved instruction in good _________ and ______ skills, such as ________, dancing, and playing ______. He also learned to use a sword and _________ at this time. This training was often very harsh taking place in homes not their own to ensure the _________. At this time, he would be known as a ______. military obligation warriors Rich rich nobles manners singing social shield chess strictness page

11. Feudalism continued • At around age 14, the young boy would become a ______, a kind of personal servant to the knight. If he completed all the training successfully, the culmination of all this training would result in a ______, a hard ________ to the shoulder, at which time he earns the title of _______ and full rights to the _______ caste. squire dubbing testing blow knight warrior

12. Feudalism continued • The institute of knighthood was based on the feudal idea of ______ and was related to a whole system of ________, the breaking of which could ___________ the knight’s position and the whole __________ of knighthood and government. social codes loyalty undermine institution

13. The Woman’s Place in Medieval Society • A peasant woman’s place in medieval society was to do _________________, fieldwork, and bear ____________. • A woman of higher status would __________ the house, estate or fieldwork and would bear children. • A woman was always subservient to a _____ within or above her social status. That means her husband, her father, her brother or even her ________ when he became an adult. children housework supervise man son

14. The Woman’s Place in Medieval Society continued • In this primarily military system, a woman had no ______________ rights. • Depending on the social standing of her male (husband, father, etc.), a woman had some degree of __________. political or property respect

15. Chivalry and Courtly Love • Chivalry was a system of _______ and social codes that governed behavior of _____________________ (upper class). Chivalry included adhering to one’s ____________ to the overlord, rules of _______ (for example, one would not attack an __________ knight or opponent), and ________________________ to a particular lady for _____________. • COURTLY LOVE is holding a lady (usually of a higher class) far above you (on a pedestal) in order to ______ yourself. The belief is that this kind of love ________ you. It is NOT sexual at all; instead it is more _________. It is an _________ attitude toward women, but did little to ___________ their station. ideals knights and gentlewomen oath of loyalty warfare unarmed reverence (strong adoration) self-improvement better purifies spiritual idealized improve

16. Chivalry and Courtly Love continued • If the boundaries between courtly love and physical love were crossed, it would mean _______________ and _________________. The system of feudal would weaken and ________________. • Chivalry was responsible for the form of literature known as _________________________ (a knight on a __________________________). • The greatest example of this genre (type) of literature is ________________________________________, from the King Arthur legends. chaos anarchy collapse Romance quest Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

17. New City Classes • While medieval society centered around the feudal ____________________, people began to migrate to _______________________, causing new professions and classes, such as tradesmen and middle class. This eventually would render feudalism _________________________. • The new classes that developed were the ___________________________ classes, including the merchant class. castle cities obsolete lower-middle, middle, and upper-middle

18. New City Classes continued • Evidence of each of these classes can be seen in Chaucer’s ____________________________________. • This new world was not centered around the castle, but was defined by the ___________________ of the cities (London, Canterbury) and the _________________________ of the people. These people were ___________________ from the land; they were not tied to the castle. Canterbury Tales boundaries imagination free

19. New City Classes continued • The ________________________________ was the most important one emerging because the people in that class had different tastes in art and ________________________ and they had the ________________ to buy or make the products they needed. This new class produced _______________________________ . New ideas and freedom of expression of quality can be found in _____________________________ (buildings, cathedrals, etc.), _____________ (ballads, plays), and ________ and craft unions. merchant class ideas money “people’s art” architecture guilds art

20. The Great Happenings • To understand English literature from the period of King William to that of Henry VII (1485 – 1509), we must be aware of several specific events that radically influenced the course of English _____________________________ and English _______________________. The Crusades, the martyrdom of Thomas a Becket, the Magna Carta, The One Hundred Years’ War, and the Black Death changed England and affected world history. history life

21. The Great Happenings continued • The struggle between the ____________________ in the 14th century (1300’s) was really an extension of the Crusades, a series of __________________________ during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. Both groups were fighting for ___________________________, also known as ___________. ________________________ played significant roles in these Crusades, most notably ______________________________ who took part in the 3rd Crusade. The _____________________ won. Muslims and Christians religious wars Holy Land Jerusalem English Kings Richard the Lionhearted Muslims

22. The Great Happenings continued • A result of these wars was that English society benefitted from contact with ___________ , especially in the areas of Eastern ______________________________, astronomy, ________________________ and crafts. This exposure led to a more rich and _____________________ life. higher civilization mathematics architecture varied

23. The Martyrdom of Thomas A Becket • In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer’s pilgrims were going to _________________________ to visit the __________________________________________________. Thomas a Becket was called the Holy Blissful Martyr. He was born in 1118 and died in _______________. He was a ___________________ who rose to power (as prime minister and later Archbishop) under his friend _____________________. • During this time, all Christians belong to the ________________________ Church. • The king, then, was the vassal of the ______________, who was the head of the church and the representative of ____________________ . Canterbury shrine of Thomas a Becket 1170 Roman Catholic Henry II Roman Catholic Pope God

24. The Martyrdom of Thomas A Becket continued • Henry II appointed Thomas a Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury (_____________ of the Catholic Church in England) because he thought he would be able to ____________________ the ___________________ through his friend. However, Henry II underestimated Becket’s _______________________________ to God and the Church. More than once, Becket sided with the _______________________ rather than the _________________ and this frustrated and angered the king. • In a fit of ___________, the king voiced his anger to his knights, saying “Won’t no one __________ me of this _______________________ (meddlesome) priest?” The knights took him seriously, and four of them entered the Canterbury Cathedral and __________________ Becket in the church! Head control Church commitment church king rage rid troublesome killed

25. The Martyrdom of Thomas A Becket continued • Results of this rash deed impacted England: A) Thomas a Becket became a __________________ B) the public was ____________________ and C) the king lost ______________________________ . • At the worst, this loss of power for the king and the gain of power for the Church produced __________________ of church. This can best be illustrated in several characters from The Canterbury Tales: A) the MONK, who lived a life of __________________ with no concern for the ____________, B) the FRIAR, who chases _______________ and ____________________ and hangs out at _______________, and C + D) the SUMMONER and PARDONER, who ____________________ people with threats of _________________ damnation for __________________ or wine. outraged martyr power and respect corruption luxury poor women money bars blackmail, money eternal

26. The Martyrdom of Thomas A Becket continued • The most positive effect of the medieval Church’s power was that it fostered ___________________. One unifying factor was that the Church continued to be the _____________________ with __________ as its language, the international tongue of __________________ European people. • The Church’s leader, the _________, was king of all ______________, whose “kingdom” had no boundaries. • What was happening in the monasteries also brought unity to England: they were becoming the ______________________ and publishers of the times. cultural unity center of learning Latin educated Pope kings libraries

27. The Martyrdom of Thomas A Becket continued • The Church maintained a unified _____________________ and symbols that transcended (went beyond) the __________________________ of Europe, making people more equal, at least in church. system of beliefs national cultures

28. The Magna Carta • The Magna Carta, also known as the ______________, was signed in ________ by ________________________ . He was __________________ to sign it by the English ______ because they wanted the Church to have no power. The __________________________________ backed King John, as he wanted the Church to retain power. The result of the king signing this document was _________________________________________________. Great Charter 1215 King John forced barons loss of central Papal (Pope) the church lost power

29. The Magna Cartacontinued • The Magna Cara was written by ________________ for _____________________ with no interest in the rights of __________________ people. • However, something good did come from this document: It became the basis for English ________________________ where we get certain rights – 1) trial by _______________ and 2) legislative ______________________. aristocrats aristocrats common constitutional law jury taxation

30. The One Hundred Year’s War • Since war is usually associated with nationalism (the nation’s interests, etc.) and the Early Middle Ages had no nations as we know today, the first great ________________ war was waged by ________________ against ___________________________. Two English kings, ______________________ and __________________________ believed they had claims to the ___________________ throne. • This war lasted ___________ years, from __________________ to ______________________, and was fought on the continent, in other words, in __________________. national France England Edward III Henry V French 116 1337 1453 France

31. The One Hundred Year’s War continued • Three important things came out of this war: A) a gradual development of a British _________________, B) England became more accurately represented by the green-clad _____________________, with his ______________________, rather that the chivalric ______________ in armor. • The figure of the yeoman, or small landowner, came from ________________________ in France. national consciousness yeoman longbow knight British armies

32. The One Hundred Year’s War continued • The yeoman’s ___________________ and yard-long __________________ that shot farther and could pierce armor helped bring about the downfall/demise of both the _____________ and the knight as symbols of significant ___________________________. • The modern _________________________________ was born. By 1250, the ENGLISH LANGUANGE had spread to the _________________________ classes. longbow arrows castle military power Democratic England upper

33. The Black Death • Three blows to feudalism include A) the Black _______________ B) the Hundred Years’ War (with the introduction of ______________________ and the longbow), and C) the development of a universal __________________ system (supported by the migration of people to cities). • Another name for the Black Death is the __________________. This epidemic happened in England during a one-year period, from _________________ to _______________. It is a highly _______________________ disease spread by ___________________ from __________________________. It caused tumors and black splotching on the skin. plague gunpowder monetary Bubonic plague 1349 1348 infectious/contagious fleas infected rats

34. The Black Death continued • Three effects of the bubonic plague include A) it reduced England’s population by __________, B) it created a _________________ shortage, which gave ________________ more leverage/power, and ultimately led to C) the serfs’ __________________________ (this was the last blow to feudalism). • By the time Henry VII married in 1485 and reconciled the warring Houses of York and Lancaster, the __________________ had officially ended. Henry VII, a strong king, was first in the __________________ lineage. The _________________ would lead to the beginning of the Renaissance, with ________________________________ ruling. 1/3 labor serfs freedom Middle Ages Tudors Tudors Queen Elizabeth I

35. The Black Death continued • A major event happened in 1450 that __________________ the world: the invention of the ______________________ (moveable type) by Johann Gutenberg in Germany. revolutionized printing press