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Ch 45 Intro/Bone/Muscle

Ch 45 Intro/Bone/Muscle. Check HW Ch 45 GRQ’s Work on Ch 46 GRQ’s. Q1 Tissues are classified into 4 main groups Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Epithelial tissue – Where in your body? occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells

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Ch 45 Intro/Bone/Muscle

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  1. Ch 45 Intro/Bone/Muscle Check HW Ch 45 GRQ’s Work on Ch 46 GRQ’s

  2. Q1 Tissues are classified into 4 main groups • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous • Epithelial tissue – Where in your body? • occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells • Covers outside of body and lines organs and cavities • Functions as barrier or protection • One surface exposed to air, second surface attached to basement membrane

  3. Other types of epithelia Glandular Mucous

  4. Muscle tissue • Long cells called fibers • Fibers are able to shorten and relax • Consume the most energy • Most abundant tissue in most animals • Three types of muscle • Skeletal • Cardiac • smooth

  5. Connective Tissue EX Blood, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments, Bone • Functions mainly to bind • Have sparse populations of cells • Cells are found within the extracellular matrix • Composed of fibers and ground substance • Three kinds of fibers • Collagenous • Elastic • reticular

  6. Nervous tissue • Senses stimuli and transmits signals • Functional unit is the neuron • Consists of cell body and many extensions • Considered to be a polar cell (2 jobs) • Receiving and sending signals • Dendrites and axons

  7. Q2 • Organ is a collection of tissues with a specific function Ex Liver, Lung, Heart etc. • Major co-ordinating systems are; • Nervous system • Endocrine system (hormones act as messages to tell organs what to do in a given situation)

  8. Q3 • Cranial cavity – brain • Spinal cavity – around spinal cord. • Thoracic cavity – heart and lungs, with diaphragm band of muscle at bottom. • Abdominal cavity – intestines, liver, pancreas, • Pelvic cavity – reprod. And excretory organs. • Remember – Coelomate? We have body cavities lined by mesoderm tissue.

  9. Q4 • Axial – skull, ribs, and spine • Appendicular – arms and leg bones • HOW MANY BONES CAN YOU ID?

  10. Q5 • Protection • Movement • Production of blood cells

  11. Q6 – bone structure • Periosteum – outer membrane with blood vessels and verves • Compact Bone – cylinders (lamellae) of minerals and protein. • Haversian canal (HC) – center of lamellae carry blood vessels throughout interior of bone • Osteocytes – living bone cells between layers of protein around HC’s • Center may be spongy bone – hard but light.

  12. BONE

  13. – red and yellow marrow • Red – found in spongy and end of long bones • Makes RBCs; platelets;whitebc’s • Yellow – shafts of long bones • Fat for energy reserve • Can be converted to red marrow to up RBC production

  14. Q – bones from cartilage • Ossification – initially bone is made from cartilage • @ 3 months or so osteocytes begin to release minerals (Ca) which fill space between cells and turn cartilage to bone – ossification. • Bones in head form directly from osteocytes fusing into flat thin layers.

  15. Q7 – elongate? • When cartilage cells @ the end (epiphysis) of the bone divide. • Division of cartilage cells pushes older bone cells to middle of bone where they eventually die. • This process continues into adolescence when eventually all cartilage is replaced by bone.

  16. Q8 – 3 joints/struc/arthritis? • Fixed joints between bones that form your skull – no movement • Semi-movable joints – ex vertebra separated by springy cartilage disks that allow flexibility without grinding of bones. • Movable joints – ball and socket, pivot, hinge etc.

  17. Joints

  18. Q8 Joint Structure • Ex Knee • End of bones has cartilage to stop grinding of bones. • Synovial fluid provides cushioning and reduced friction • Tendons join muscles to bones • Ligaments join bones to bones

  19. Q8 Arthritis • Painful and swollen joints • Rheumatoid – Autoimmune/environmental – causes immune response in joints leading to swelling and wearing down of cartilage • Osteoarthritis – cartilage wears down and bones begin to grind together

  20. Q9 – Skeletal Muscle • Function is movement under conscious control from motor cortex of brain • Finer the motion, the more brain is dedicated to that area. • Structure is complex • One cell = fiber, many nuclei • Group = fascicle. • Many fascicles = muscle

  21. Q11 – smooth muscle • Involuntary – found in walls of stomach, intestine, arteries and veins, bladder, and in sphincters • No striations so different internal struc compared to skel muscle cells.

  22. Q12 Cardiac muscle • One nucleus • Striated as with skel muscle • Involuntary as with smooth muscle

  23. – skel muscle fiber struc • Muscle made of… Fascicles • Fascicles made of …. Groups of muscle fibers(cells) • Muscle cells are made of …. Groups of proteins • Groups of proteins called …. Myofibrils • Myofibrils made of …actin and myosin.

  24. Q Contraction 1) You Think 2)Nerve impulse to muscle 3)Myosin heads grab actin and pulls 4) Step 3 repeats 5)ATP is required for myosin to let go of actin

  25. Q12 – How bone makes joint move • Tendon, ligament, insertion, origin, flexor, extensor

  26. Q13 –oxygen debt and muscle fatigue • Gotta get that…. • Explain cramping?

  27. Q14 – epidermis struc • Flattened (dead on surface) epithelial. • Cells filled with Keratin • Melanin gives skin color • Melanin protects against DNA damage by UV.

  28. Q15 • Amount of Melanin – polygenetic @ least 3 pairs of genes. • AABBCC – really dark • aabbcc – really light • Melanin protects against DNA damage by UV

  29. Q16

  30. Q17 – Exocrine glands • Sweat – water/salts/urea helps with homeostasis esp. thermoregulation • Oil glands – secrete sebum • Protects skin, kills bacteria, • Acne= clogging of oil glands with sebum/bacteria/dead cells.

  31. Q18 – Nails • The matrix produces cells that become the nail. • Matrix grows as long as it receives nutrition • As new nail cells are made, they push older nail cells forward; • Older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent. Nail cells= dead but filled with Keratin

  32. Q18 - Hair • Protects and insulates body? • Made of overlapping cells filled with Keratin. • Cells are produced in Hair Follicle. • Variants of melanin produced in hair shaft cells gives hair its color.

  33. CW Review • Ch 45 Sr’s • SR 1 – 1,6,8,9 • SR 2 – 2,7(explain), 8 • SR 3 – 1-10 (keep answers short) • SR 4 – 6-8

  34. HW Due Mon 3/31 • Ch 46 Circulatory & Respiratory system GRQ’s

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