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China: Institutions of Government

China: Institutions of Government. 2004-03-14. The 10 th National People’s Congress Constitutional amendment “3 represents” theory private property right human rights. Outline. Center of party-state Party structure at the center Government structure at the center

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China: Institutions of Government

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  1. China: Institutions of Government

  2. 2004-03-14 • The 10th National People’s Congress • Constitutional amendment • “3 represents” theory • private property right • human rights

  3. Outline • Center of party-state • Party structure at the center • Government structure at the center • National People’s Congress • Local structure of party-state • Local people’s congresses • Local government • Local party organizations

  4. Ruling Party: CCP • Chinese Communist Party • founded in Shanghai in 1921

  5. CCP’s Birthplace Today

  6. Communist party-state • Organizational design of political system • borrowed from Leninist party-state of the FSU • principles of guardianship and hierarchy • Mao added the idea of the “mass line” in ’40s • Political reforms after the Maoist era • ideology became much less prominent and coherent • do not add up to fundamental systematic change • 1982: Article 2 of Constitution dropped (party monopoly)

  7. Village

  8. CCP General Secretary • Jiang Zemin (1989 - 2002) • Hu Jintao (2002 - )

  9. Politburo Standing Committee • Each heads party work in one area • organization and personnel • propaganda and education • finance and economy • political and legal affairs • foreign affairs • etc. • Kou: policy gateways

  10. CCP Central Committee • About 200 members (and 150 alternate) • Membership in CC reflects political power • Central Committee departments: • Department of Organization • Department of Propaganda • Department of United Front • Department of International Liaison • Central Committee elects Politburo

  11. CCP National Congress • Meets every 5 years since 1970s • 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002 • 16th National Party Congress • November 2002 • 2154 delegates • Elects • Central Committee

  12. PRC Head of State • President • Jiang Zemin (1993-2003) • also then CCP General Secretary • Hu Jintao (2003-2010) • also current CCP General Secretary

  13. Central Government • Powerful not because of titles but because of high posts in CCP • Premier: Wen Jiabao (2003-2008) • State Council • 29 Ministries and Commissions • Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Ministry of National Defense • State Development & Reform Commission • People’s Bank of China • etc.

  14. Central Military Commission • Commanders-in-chief of the People’s Liberation Army • 1989: Military sided with hardliners • Same composition in both the central party and government structures • Chair: Jiang Zemin resigned 2005 (replaced by Hu) • 11 members

  15. National People’s Congress • According to the constitution, the highest organization of state authority • NPC Standing Committee • the permanent body of NPC exercises all but the most formal powers of the NPC • 8 Special Committees • legislative affairs, nationalities, agriculture & rural, foreign affairs, etc.

  16. National People’s Congress • NPC plenary sessions • meet annually in Beijing • for about 2 weeks • The nearly 3,000 deputies are elected • for 5-year terms • by provincial-level people’s congresses

  17. Power Relationship CCP Politburo National PCState Council

  18. People’s Congresses Elected by National Provincial PC’s Province City PC’s City County or district PC’s County Eligible voters Township Eligible voters Local People’s Congresses

  19. Provincial level governments • 22 Provinces • 5 Autonomous Regions • 4 Municipalities • 2 Special Administrative Regions

  20. Local governments of the P.R.C. • Cities • 4 cities at the rank of provinces • Beijing, Shanghai, ... • 15 cities at the rank of “semi-provinces” • 265 cities at the rank of prefectures • 393 cities at the rank of counties • 2,053 counties and 808 city districts • Townships and (villages)

  21. Local Party Structure • 3.5 million party committees, party general branches, and party branches • Provinces, cities, counties, townships, and villages • Enterprises • state-owned enterprises • less than 1% of private enterprises have party organizations

  22. Replicated at lower levels Local party committee local people’s congresslocal government

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