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Political and M ilitary Transformations

Explore the hereditary monarchs, nobles, knights, and the impact of the Hundred Years War in medieval Europe. Discover the evolving political and military landscape that brought about new monarchies in France and England.

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Political and M ilitary Transformations

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  1. Political and Military Transformations www.directart.co.uk/mall/images/dhm122.jpg

  2. http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/11.jpg • Hereditary Monarchs: Occupied the top of the political pyramid but had restricted powers. • Nobles : Vassals looked out to limit the monarch’s power and protect their own rights (Bulliet 368). • Their economic and social status depended their estate (Bulliet 368). • They were ranked second in social class but in return, they served as servants to the king (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_nobles_in_the_medieval_times) • Knights : Mounted warriors normally coming from noble-birth (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/knights ) • Highlight of western European fighting forces (Bulliet 368) • Two changes in weaponry brought big changes • Arrow • a. Improved crossbows could cut through helmets and thin body armor (Bulliet 368). • b. Professional crossbowmen were paid and at one point they were one of the most feared people (Bulliet 368). • c. in 1139, the church banned the use of crossbows against Christians but the law was completely ignored (Bulliet 368). • Firearm • a. Weakened the feudal system • b. Was a Chinese invention • c. Used “gunpowder to shoot stone or metal projectiles” which later on evolved into bullets. Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy

  3. chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/11.jpg Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy • The Church refused royal control. • In 1302, Pope Boniface VIII declared that divine law made the pope superior to everyone (monarchs included) except for God (Bulliet 370). • In response to the pope’s claim of seniority, King Philip arrested the pope and made a new papal residence at Avignon in 1309 (http://www.culturalcatholic.com/PopeBonifaceVIII.htm). • The Great Western Schism, between 1378 and 1415, weakened papal authority even further when papal claimants in both Rome and Avignon fought for the loyalty of Latin Christians. (http://www.holycross.edu/departments/visarts/projects/kempe/pilgrimage/rome_papal.htm). • To resolve the conflict, the papal residence was moved back to its original location: Rome (Bulliet 370).

  4. users.moscow.com/khakimian/images/hundred.jpg The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) • An extensive conflict between the king of France and his vassals from 1337 to 1453 (http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/archive/hundredyearswar.cfm?CFID=13663377&CFTOKEN=49738235&jsessionid=ea30a522bf52a3f81d3ae356b1f1a28724f5). • The conflict led to a transformation of politics and warfare (Bulliet 371). • The cause of the war was a marriage alliance. • Princess Isabella (French) married King Edward II (England) to guarantee the English loyalty to the French monarchy (Bulliet 371). • In 1337 their son King Edward III claimed the French throne after it was presented to someone else (http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/100yearswar.htm). • Other vassals decided to participate in fighting for the French throne (Bulliet 371).

  5. http://users.moscow.com/khakimian/images/hundred2.jpg Warfare During the War • Military technology or warfare was one the highlights of the war (http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/hyw_fp.htm). • While the French used crossbows, the English used longbows (Bulliet 371). • The longbows almost destroy the entire French army. • In order to better shield themselves, armor became heavier which made the knights defenseless. • Newly improved cannons were used towards the end of the Hundred Years War which came to successfully destroy dwellings such as castles and towns (http://www.essortment.com/all/whatwashundre_rgei.htm).

  6. http://www.inillotempore.com/blog/images/Joan_of_Arc_outside_Orleans.gifhttp://www.inillotempore.com/blog/images/Joan_of_Arc_outside_Orleans.gif Joan of Arc • Joan of Arc was a young French peasant woman (Bulliet 371). • According to her, she had visions from God that instructed her to recover her homeland from English domination (http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/). • She stopped the English winnings and led to French victory. • Joan was captured at Compiègne by the Burgandians and later sold to the English. The English held a trial for her and accused her of witchcraft and heresy and she was burned at the stake (http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/joanarc.html). • Many blame King Charles VII of France for not interfering or even attempting to stop Joan’s death.

  7. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGh1dE-j7EM/SQeP0wbaX5I/AAAAAAAACCk/sJmEWMa_YtY/s400/monarchy.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGh1dE-j7EM/SQeP0wbaX5I/AAAAAAAACCk/sJmEWMa_YtY/s400/monarchy.jpg New Monarchies in France and England • New monarchies were different from that of medieval ancestors 1. Greater centralized power in France (Bulliet 371) 2. More fixed “national” boundaries (Bulliet 371) 3. Stronger representative institutions (Bulliet 371) • After the Hundred Years War, English monarchs tried to regain control of the British Isles but the Scots defended the British Isles • The French monarchs tried to domesticate the independence of their strong vassals. • Several strategies were used to pay for armies (Bulliet 372) 1. Nobles were encouraged to make payments instead of providing military service. 2. Charles VII of France taxed his vassals which allowed him to pay money owed for the last years of the Hundred Years War (http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/chas_vii.htm) • Merchants would be taxed in order to also pay for the war (http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw07war100kings.htm). • The church would also provide money (Bulliet 372). • In the end of the 15th century the power would switch from the church to the monarchs

  8. solarnavigator.net Iberian Unifications • Growth of Spain and Portugal was due to struggle between kings and vassals , certain marriages, and warfare (http://history-world.org/iberian_golden_age.htm). • The reconquest of Iberia from Muslims was also a religious battle (Bulliet 372) • The reconquest happened over several centuries with dissimulation such as when the Christian knights took Toledo (http://www.todayinhistory.de/index.php?lang=en&what=ged&sdt=20050616). • The event that changed the pace at which changes were occurring was the Christian victory in 1212 which broke the main structure of Muslim control in Iberia. • By 1249, there was only one small kingdom controlled by the Muslims (Bulliet 372). • In 1492, when Spain and Portugal had rid the territory of Muslim power, Spain banned all Muslims and Jews from their land and Portugal banned all Jews (Bulliet 373).

  9. Questions 1. What were the two weapons which changed the central military role? A. arrow and sword B. battle axe and sword C. arrow and firearm D. sword and firearm E. battle axe and arrow 2. Which of the following is NOT true of the Hundred Years War? A. Joan of Arc helped drive the English from France. B. One of the causes was the political entanglement of the English and French royal families. C. The war had little effect on domestic affairs in England or France. D. The victory over England helped France to centralize their government. E. The warfare improved greatly during this time period? 3. In what year did the Christian victory change the pace at which the reconquest was moving? A. 1042 B.1245 C. 1139 D. 1212 E. 1043

  10. Bibliography 1. The Earth and Its Peoples, By Richard W. Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup 2005 Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764 2. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGh1dE-j7EM/SQeP0wbaX5I/AAAAAAAACCk/sJmEWMa_YtY/s400/monarchy.jpg 3. http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/ 4. http://www.chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/11.jpg 5. http://www.culturalcatholic.com/PopeBonifaceVIII.htm 6.http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/knights 7. http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/joanarc.html 8.http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/archive/hundredyearswar.cfm?CFID=13663377&CFTOKEN=49738235&jsessionid=ea30a522bf52a3f81d3ae356b1f1a28724f5 9. http://www.essortment.com/all/whatwashundre_rgei.htm 10. http://history-world.org/iberian_golden_age.htm 11.http://www.holycross.edu/departments/visarts/projects/kempe/pilgrimage/rome_papal.htm 12. http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw07war100kings.htm 13. http://www.inillotempore.com/blog/images/Joan_of_Arc_outside_ Orleans. gif 14. http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/hundred-years-war.htm 15. http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/100yearswar.htm 16. http://www.todayinhistory.de/index.php?lang=en&what=ged&sdt=20050616 16. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_nobles_in_the_medieval_times 17. http://www.xenophongroup.com/montjoie/chas_vii.htm . 18. http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/hyw_fp.htm

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