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QUIZ 1, PARTS 1 & 2 Open TODAY (Wed, Sept 23 rd )!

QUIZ 1, PARTS 1 & 2 Open TODAY (Wed, Sept 23 rd )!. The quiz will be open for 12 hours 3 pm Wednesday to 3 am Thursday Go to either “Quizzes” from the homepage OR “Assessments” on the left panel. Reminder: we’re counting your top 3 marks from 5 quizzes (Read the syllabus for details!).

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QUIZ 1, PARTS 1 & 2 Open TODAY (Wed, Sept 23 rd )!

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  1. QUIZ 1, PARTS 1 & 2 Open TODAY (Wed, Sept 23rd)! The quiz will be open for 12 hours 3 pm Wednesday to 3 am Thursday Go to either “Quizzes” from the homepageOR “Assessments” on the left panel. Reminder: we’re counting your top 3 marks from 5 quizzes (Read the syllabus for details!) Please register your clickers by FRIDAY!

  2. Hydrosphere I: Hydrologic cycle, surface ocean circulation Goals for Today • COMPARE the relative sizes of different water reservoirs and residence times of a water molecule within these reservoirs. • PREDICT the result of processes that change the flux between different water reservoirs. • PREDICT locations of open-ocean upwelling and downwelling, given surface wind direction. • PREDICT the direction of wind-driven surface ocean currents for a simplified, water-covered, rotating Earth with no continents.

  3. RELEVANCE Fresh water Ocean productivity Pollution: the Pacific Plastic Patch Theferrisfiles.com

  4. precipitation transport precipitation precipitation evaporation percolation evaporation riverine flow groundwater flow More CLOUDS and WATER VAPOUR CLOUDS and WATER VAPOUR ICE and SNOW LAKES RIVERS and STREAMS OCEAN GROUNDWATER

  5. Reservoir sizes and fluxes <0.001% 2.4% 97.6% http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gl)/guides/mtr/hyd/bdgt.rxml

  6. Clicker Question: Look at the 4 kitchen sinks below. In which sink does a drop of water spend the LONGEST average time before draining out? 20 L/hr 5 L/hr 15 L/hr 5 L/hr 15 L D C A B 10 L 30 L 30 L 20 L/hr 5 L/hr 15 L/hr 5 L/hr

  7. Clicker Q: Earth’s atmosphere has about 13000 km3 of water in it. Water precipitates out at a rate of about 1300 km3 per day. What is the average RESIDENCE TIME of water in the atmosphere? 13000 km3 • 1 day • 10 days • 13 days • 100 days • 130 days 1300 km3/day

  8. The Gulf Stream

  9. Surface Ocean Currents Marshak, Figure 18.10

  10. How does the wind affectthe ocean surface?

  11. Air-sea frictional coupling

  12. Fridtjof Nansen and the Fram (1893-1895)

  13. Fridtjof Nansen and the Fram(1893-1895) ICE WIND ~20-40º

  14. Ekman spiral Direction of Motion Wind Net Force Northern Hemisphere Garrison, Figure 9.5 Average Flow

  15. Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport Ekman layer Net transport is90º from the winddirection

  16. Clicker question: Given the wind arrowbelow, which direction is the Ekman transport (northern hemisphere)? A WIND B E C D

  17. Ekman transport Northern Hemisphere(to the right) Ekman WIND Water transport Ekman WIND Water Ekman transport WIND Water transport Ekman WIND Water Southern Hemisphere(to the left) transport

  18. Ekman transport: rotating Earth, no continents Ekmantransport C CONVERGENCE Wind D DIVERGENCE CONVERGENCE C D DIVERGENCE CONVERGENCE C D DIVERGENCE C CONVERGENCE

  19. Dynamic topography: Divergence & Upwelling DEPTH

  20. Dynamic topography: Convergence & Downwelling DEPTH

  21. Ekman transport: Sea surface height High CONVERGENCE DIVERGENCE Low High CONVERGENCE Low DIVERGENCE CONVERGENCE High Ekmantransport Low DIVERGENCE Wind High CONVERGENCE

  22. Clicker question: In what direction do theWIND-DRIVENGEOSTROPHICSURFACE CURRENTSflow, at position “X”? Wind A. To the NWB. To the SWC. To the ND. To the WE. To the E X First, figure out the directions of the horizontal pressure gradient force in different latitudinal bands…

  23. In what direction do theWIND-DRIVENGEOSTROPHICSURFACE CURRENTSflow, at position “X”? Clicker question: Wind A. To the NEB. To the SEC. To the SD. To the WE. To the E X First, figure out the directions of the horizontal pressure gradient force in different latitudinal bands…

  24. Geostrophic flow:(rotating Earth, no continents) Low Wind Ekmantransport High GeostrophicCurrent Low High Horizontal PressureGradient Force=Coriolis Force Low High

  25. Summary: Hydrologic Cycle & Surface Circ • The hydrologic cycle describes the movement of water among different reservoirs, including the rates of transfer and residence times. Water in all its forms plays crucial roles in Earth’s climate system. • Surface ocean currents are wind-driven. • Ekman transport – 90º to the RIGHT of the wind (N. hemisphere) 90º to the LEFT of the wind (S. hemisphere) • ET sets up convergence (downwelling) anddivergence (upwelling) • Conv/Div  pressure gradients • Pressure gradients+Coriolis  geostrophic flow Relevance: fresh water, ocean productivity, pollution

  26. In preparation for next class… So far, we have considered geostrophic wind-driven surface ocean currents on a planet with no continents. What’s going to happen when we add continents? To start, imagine a coastline, like Vancouver Island, that’s oriented approximately NW-SE. Say the wind was blowing from the NW for several days continuously. What would be the response of the surface ocean? Ekman? Pressure gradient? Geostrophic current?

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