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Derby Business School

www.derby.ac.uk/dbs. Derby Business School. Education with the personal touch. Delivering Winning Projects – Session 2 Some general principles about Project Management. What is a Project?.

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Derby Business School

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  1. www.derby.ac.uk/dbs Derby Business School www.derby.ac.uk/dbs

  2. Education with the personal touch Delivering Winning Projects – Session 2 Some general principles about Project Management www.derby.ac.uk/dbs

  3. What is a Project? “ . . . an endeavour in which human (or machine) material and financial resources are organised in a novel way, to undertake a unique scope of work, of given specification, within constraints of cost and time, so as to deliver beneficial change defined by quantitative and qualitative objectives.” J R Turner (1992)

  4. What is Project Management? “ . . . the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet the stakeholder needs and expectations from a project.” PMBOK (2000) “ . . . a way of developing structure in a complex project, where the independent variables of time, cost, resources and human behaviour come together.” Burke (1999)

  5. Characteristics of a Project • Meredith & Mantel (2003): • Purpose - clearly defined outcomes, with an • element of complexity, which needs • co-ordination • PLC - project, life-cycle – see later • Interdependencies - links to other projects, and • to the routine daily operations, need managing • Uniqueness - needs customising, but ……. • Conflict - competing for resources • Risk – inherent in any project to a certain degree

  6. Why is there a need for ‘projects? • increased complexity/change - what is ‘normal’ • increasingly sophisticated and demanding • consumers - ‘impatient consumers’ - Richard • Sennett • global markets and competition, leading to • shorter product life cycles • products and processes have to respond

  7. The Project Life Cycle (PLC) -the time distribution of project effort How long?? Level of effort Stages of the Project Time Planning, scheduling, monitoring, control Evaluation and termination Conception Selection

  8. The 5 Phase Project Life Cycle DEFINE PLAN ORGANISE CONTROL CLOSE Determine personnel needs Recruit Project Manager Recruit Project Team Organise team Assign work packages Identify activities Estimate time & cost Sequence activities Identify critical activities Write project proposal Define management style Establish control tools Prepare status report Review project schedule Issue change orders Obtain client acceptance Install deliverables Document the project Issue final report Conduct project audit State the problem Identify project goals List the objectives Determine preliminary resources Identify assumptions and risks IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING

  9. Other possible characteristics to a Project. ‘Project’ as a change initiative - culture, structure etc • Core / margin • Novel / familiar • Rapid / gradual • Controversial / uncontroversial

  10. A Project Improvement Process A 5-stage Project Approach An 8-stage Problem-Solving Process Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Proposal Analysis and Planning Education & Implementation Implementation & Communication hold the gains Project A, Project B …………... Step 1 Step II Step III Step IV Step V Step VI Step VII Step VIII Identify Gather Analyse Generate Select Plan the Implementation Implement Continue Problem Data Data Solutions Solution & Test to improve Tools and Techniques at every stage

  11. (NB Overlay the concepts!) Communication, at every 'stage' 5-Stage Project Approach Stage 3 EDUCATION & COMUNIC-ATION Stage 5 IMPLEMENTATION/ HOLD THE GAINS Stage 4 IMPLE-MENTATION PLAN Stage 1 PROPOSAL Stage 2 ANALYSIS AND PLANNING Step I IDENTIFY PROBLEM Step V SELECT THE SOLUTION Step VIII CONTINUE TO IMPROVE Step IV GENERATE SOLUTIONS Step III ANALYSE DATA Step VII IMPLEMENT & TEST Step II GATHER DATA Step VI PLAN THE IMPLEMENTATION Problem- Solving Process

  12. Expanding the Arrow - team dynamics of a project Forming Storming Norming Performing Mourning Stage 3 EDUCATION & COMUNIC-ATION Stage 5 IMPLEMENTATION/ HOLD THE GAINS Stage 4 IMPLE-MENTATION PLAN Stage 1 PROPOSAL Stage 2 ANALYSIS AND PLANNING Step I IDENTIFY PROBLEM Step V SELECT THE SOLUTION Step VIII CONTINUE TO IMPROVE Step IV GENERATE SOLUTION Step III ANALYSE DATA Step VII IMPLEMENT & TEST Step II GATHER DATA Step VI PLAN THE IMPLEMENTATION

  13. 'Transition'? (NB It all happens within the same time-scale.) (NB Overlay the concepts!) Models of change – Lewin (1947) * 'Permanent thaw'? Forces resisting or restraining change Desired state Change Move Unfreezing Refreezing * Current state Forces driving for change

  14. Expanding the Arrow - change is happening throughout the project Stage 3 EDUCATION & COMUNIC-ATION Stage 5 IMPLEMENTATION/ HOLD THE GAINS Stage 4 IMPLE-MENTATION PLAN Stage 1 PROPOSAL Stage 2 ANALYSIS AND PLANNING Unfreeze Change Refreeze Step I IDENTIFY PROBLEM Step V SELECT THE SOLUTION Step VIII CONTINUE TO IMPROVE Step IV GENERATE SOLUTIONS Step III ANALYSE DATA Step VII IMPLEMENT & TEST Step II GATHER DATA Step VI PLAN THE IMPLEMENTATION

  15. Managing (influencing?) in four directions: Managing up Ref: Buchanan and Boddy (1992), Gary Yukl, Project manager Managing across Managing the team Managing the staff

  16. Expanding the Arrow Stage 3 EDUCATION & COMUNIC-ATION Stage 5 IMPLEMENTATION/ HOLD THE GAINS Stage 4 IMPLE-MENTATION PLAN Stage 1 PROPOSAL Stage 2 ANALYSIS AND PLANNING Managing in 4 directions Step I IDENTIFY PROBLEM Step V SELECT THE SOLUTION Step VIII CONTINUE TO IMPROVE Step IV GENERATE SOLUTIONS Step III ANALYSE DATA Step VII IMPLEMENT & TEST Step II GATHER DATA Step VI PLAN THE IMPLEMENTATION

  17. Setting 'S.M.A.R.T.' Goals S - Specific M - Measurable A - Attainable R - Relevant T Trackable Blanchard, K. H., (1989) 'The :01ne Minute Manager - Live!',

  18. The Project Objectives ‘Iron’ Triangle Quality Cost Time 'Good, cheap, fast - you can have any two!' Slack, N., et al., (2010) Operations Management,

  19. 'Kubler-Ross Transition Curve', 1997, (or 'DREC'?) C R D Level of 'Emotion', (or productivity?) E Time Exploration? Commitment Denial Resistance

  20. The time distribution of project effort What happens at this point? Closure Level of effort Time Planning, scheduling, monitoring, control Evaluation and termination Conception Selection

  21. Expanding the Arrow again Stage 3 EDUCATION & COMUNIC-ATION Stage 5 IMPLEMENTATION/ HOLD THE GAINS Stage 4 IMPLE-MENTATION PLAN Stage 1 PROPOSAL Stage 2 ANALYSIS AND PLANNING Step I IDENTIFY PROBLEM Step V SELECT THE SOLUTION Step VIII CONTINUE TO IMPROVE Step IV GENERATE SOLUTIONS Step III ANALYSE DATA Step VII IMPLEMENT & TEST Step II GATHER DATA Step VI PLAN THE IMPLEMENTATION Learning Learning Learning

  22. On to the next Project – do we learn or do we start again from scratch? Project B Project A Learning Learning Learning OR Learning

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