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Animal Science II. Principles of Animal Nutrition. Objective. Describe the six functions of a good ration. Rations. ________________ of vital body processes to keep animals __________ _____________ by increasing size _______________, ________________, _______________, ________________
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Animal Science II Principles of Animal Nutrition
Objective • Describe the six functions of a good ration
Rations • ________________ of vital body processes to keep animals __________ • _____________ by increasing size • _______________, ________________, _______________, ________________ • ___________________ • Storing _______________ • Not for ______________ or ____________
Rations • Production • _____________ • _____________ • Wool or _________ • ____________________ • ____________ • Other needs must be met _____________ • Most U.S. livestock do no _____________ (horses)
Rations • ______ to ______ of the ration fed to livestock is used for body ______________________ • Maintenance must be met before _____________ are available for other _______________
Objective • Define roughage and concentrates in relation to an animal ration
______ ______ Roughage ______ ______ ______ ______ Roughages • Contains more than 18% crude fiber when that are dry
Concentrates • Contains less than ______ crude fiber when they are _______ • __________-corn, oats, barley, wheat • ____ _____________ • Wheat bran • Cottonseed hulls
Concentrates • Liquid supplements • ______________ • ______________ • Animal _____________ • Meat scraps, fish, and blood __________ • _____________ proteins • Cottonseed __________ • Soybean ___________ • Peanut ____________
Objective • Explain the characteristics of a good ration
Good Rations • Balanced • Has all the _______________ in the right ______________ • _______________ • Taste good • Low Cost • Feed is about _______ of the cost of raising livestock
Good Rations • Not harmful to the health of animals • Too much _____________ _________ can cause ____________________ problems • Uniformly mixed • _______________- vitamins and minerals • Feed ______________
Objective • Define feed additives and hormone implants used in animal rations
Feed Additives and Implants Feed additives • _______________ used in rations • ____________ quantities • Improve ____________________ • Feed efficiency • Rate of gain • Health • Production
Feed Additives and Implants • Hormones Implants • Most are _______________ • _________________ or natural • Improves rate of _____________ and ______________ efficiency
Feed Additives and Implants • Hormones can also be fed as feed _______________
Feed Additives and Implants • Performance stimulants • Increased _____________ by increased _____________________ • Low level antibiotic use is subtherapeutic • Some public concern regarding antibiotic resistance
Feed Additives and Implants • Feed additives are widely used in the beef _________, ________ and ______________ industry • Many different _________________ drugs are used increase performance and prevent disease • Regulated by the _______________________ (______)
Objective • Explain how to properly mix additives in a complete ration
Mixing Additives • The main rule that includes all other rules is “___________________________” • Mixing is required to provide the correct amounts of _________________ • ___________ equipment • Keep accurate records on ____________________ feeds
Objective • Select the appropriate feed additives for the given outcome
Kinds of Feed Additives • Antimicrobial Drugs • ___________________ and antibacterials • Used to control _________________ • Broad-spectrum when the specific disease is unknown • _____________ and ________________ • Hormones • Improve ______________ efficiency • Rate of ___________________ • Mainly used for _______________
Kinds of Feed Additives • Anthelmintics • Used to control ________________ • ________________ and Dichlovos • Others • _____________- coccidiosis in poultry • _____________- prevent bloat in beef cattle • _______________ of MGA to supress estrus in heifers
Objective • Describe the proper method of hormone implantation
Hormone Implantation • _______________ the animal • Use a sharp needle • Prevents ________________ pellets • _____________ the site • Select the proper location • ________ surface • Middle one third of the ______ • ____________ inches from the base
Hormone Implantation • Point the instrument toward the head _______________ to the ear • Insert being careful not to hit a __________ or _______________ • Withdraw ___________, start the implant and remove • Removing too quickly can _________ the pellet
Objective • Discuss the general principles in balancing rations
Balancing Rations • Balanced to meet the animal’s _________ at the least __________ • Variety of fresh feeds • More _______________ • Easier to _______________ • _____________ • Filling • Helps in digestion
Balancing Rations • Slightly _________________ • Improve feed efficiency • Prevent _________________ • Economical • price per pound of energy and digestible protein • Suitable • ________________ for cattle • ________________ for swine and poultry • High ________________ for younger animals
Objective • Interoperate the relationship between 100% dry matter basis and as-fed basis for rations
Feed on 100% dry matter basis Percent dry matter in feed Pounds of feed as-fed X = Dry Matter • All _________________ has been removed
Dry Matter 100g can of dog food As- Fed Dry Matter Protein 40% Protein 10% Protein 10g Other 15% Other 15g Other 60% Water 75g Water 75%
Feed on a dry matter basis Feed on an As-fed basis = Percent dry matter in feed Air Dry • Still has moisture
Dry Matter vs. As-fed • The weight of 100% dry matter is ____________ • No _____________ or moisture is contained • Provides an accurate indication of feed content • Feeds can vary in _______________ content
Dry Matter Content • 100% dry matter basis of sun cured hay is about ____________ of as-fed basis • 100% dry matter basis of most fresh pasture grasses is about ____________ of as fed basis • 100% dry matter basis of most corn (not silage) is about _________ of as-fed basis
Dry Matter Content • Most feed will stabilize to about _________ dry matter in air drying • Storing high moisture feed materials will cause them to ____________ or build up ____________
Objective • Identify the rules for feeding various kinds of livestock
Rules for Feeding Livestock • Beef Cattle (fattening) • __________ to ______lbs. Of air-dried roughage and _____ lbs. of concentrate per _________ lbs. of body weight Example: An 850 pound steer will need approximately: • 12.75 to 17 lbs. of roughage and • 17 lbs. concentrates • Total= 30 to 34 pounds of feed
Rules for Feeding Livestock • Cattle (maintenance) • mainly ________________ • air dried roughage should be ~2% body weight (1.8 dry matter) • Cows nursing calves should be fed 50% more than dry cows Example: A 1,213 pound cow should be fed about 24 pounds (1213 X .02= 24.26)
Rules for Feeding Livestock • Swine • depends on ________ and ________ of the animal • depends on ____________ • Pigs under _____ pounds and __________ sows need more ____________ than market hogs • Poultry • The ration is ________ of body weight
Pearson Square • Objective Determine the nutritional requirement from appropriate tables using the Pearson Square Method
Finding Nutritional Information • Called feeding standards • Metric vs. English • to convert kg to lb • multiply kg by 2.2 • a 40 kg steer will weigh 88 lbs. • ME- __________________ ____________________ intake
12 Pearson Square 1) Draw a square with lines connecting opposite corners and write the percent crude protein needed at the cross
Corn 8.9 12 Soybean Meal 45.8 Pearson Square • Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein content in the left-hand corners • lowest at the top highest at the bottom
Corn 8.9 33.8 parts corn Soybean Meal 45.8 12 3.1 parts soybean meal Pearson Square Corn- 33.8 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 92% corn SBM 3.1 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 8% SBM
45.8- 12= 33.8 Corn 8.9 12 12-8.9= 3.1 Soybean Meal 45.8 Pearson Square • Subtract the smallest number from the larger along the diagonal lines
Corn 8.9 33.8 parts corn Soybean Meal 45.8 12 3.1 parts soybean meal Pearson Square 36.9 total parts